Natural Disaster Essay Example for Free

Natural Disaster Essay Abstract The December 26, 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, triggered by a massive earthquake off the coast of Sumatra, is the deadliest natural disaster ever of this kind. Aside from a massive number of casualties, this tsunami caused heavy economic damage and severe destruction to the natural environment of stricken countries. Given the significant destruction and suffering, it resulted in massive international support through financial and humanitarian aid. The purpose of this paper is to provide an analysis and a better understanding of the causes, the impacts and actions that could have been taken to limit the damage. Introduction The December 26 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami ranks among the ten deadliest natural disasters ever recorded thus far with a death toll over 225 000 and thousands of individuals missing. The large tsunami waves were generated by a massive earthquake off the northwest coast of Sumatra Island in Indonesia (Rossetto 2007). Tsunami waves spread across the Indian Ocean, damaging the shores of countries near and far from the epicenter (Rossetto 2007). It produced considerable damage and its impact went beyond the toll of human casualties. It had widespread economical, environmental and psychological impacts. Among the worst hit regions were the countries in and around the eastern Indian Ocean. Such natural disaster causes tremendous human suffering and immediately solicited responses worldwide with significant financial support and humanitarian aid. Sequences of Events (Earthquake Tsunami) The 9.0 magnitude earthquake of 26 December 2004 that occurred off the northwest coast of Sumatra in Indonesia was the third largest earthquake ever recorded. With an epicenter located near the Indonesian island of Sumatra, the quake was generated as a result of the sliding of a portion of the India plate beneath the Burma plate (Risk Management Solution, 2006). The result was a fault rupture, displacing the seafloor (Figure 1) and a large volume of the ocean, triggering devastating waves that hit the coastline of 11 Indian Ocean countries (Bilham 2005). The tsunami waves travelled across the Indian Ocean with an average velocity of 640 km/h (Rossetto 2007). However, tsunami waves tend to behave differently in deep water than in shallow water (Rossetto 2007). Once the tsunami reaches shallow water along the coastline, the wave velocity decreases while its amplitude increases significantly from the mass amount of energy built by the wave, causing even more destructive waves and substantial inland inundation (Rossetto 2007). In Aceh, north of the island of Sumatra, wave height reached 24 meters once it hit the shores and rose up to 30 meters inland, with a maximum wave height recorded to be 60 meters (Paris 2007). Being the landmass closest to the epicenter of the earthquake, Aceh province was the hardest hit area from the eastward-moving tsunami followed by Sri Lanka because of non-existing landmass between it and the epicenter of the quake to protect the coastlines (Athykorala 2005). The fault rupture of the earthquake was in a north-south orientation, which meant that the strength of the tsunami was greatest in east-west direction (Athykorala 2005). Hence, despite being located near the epicenter, some regions escaped the worst from the tsunami given their position relative to the fault rupture. With this said, Somalia was hit harder than Bangladesh despite being farther away from the epicenter (Athykorala 2005). Depending on the distances involved, the tsunami could propagate up to hours before reaching some coastlines. Aceh, Nicobar and Andaman were among the first regions to feel the effect of the tsunami, eventually hitting coastal regions of Thailand, Myanmar, India, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Somalia, Kenya and Tanzania (Figure 2). At last, its effects were also detected along the west coast of North and South America, which includes Vancouver and British Columbia. Causes A tsunami is produced by a sudden vertical shift of the seafloor causing a displacement of a massive volume of water, usually an ocean. Depending on the size of the sea floor displacement, it will have a different impact on wave formation from the surface water. These displacements can be a result of underwater disturbances such as earthquake, volcanic eruption, meteorite impact and landslide (National Geographic). As for the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, a 9.0 magnitude earthquake triggered it and caused an estimated 1600 km of fault line slipped about 15 meters along the zone where the Indian plate subducts beneath the Burma plate (Rossetto 2007). As the northern rupture continued, it transformed from a subduction (Figure 3) to a strike-slip fault; two plates slide pass one another in opposite direction. With this said, displacement caused by this earthquake generated a tsunami that ranks among the deadliest natural disasters ever occurred. Impacts Beyond the heavy toll of human lives, the Indian Ocean Tsunami has caused severe economical, environmental and psychological consequences, which will affect the regions for upcoming years. With 174 500 casualties, 51 000 missing and roughly 1.5 million displaced, the toll of human casualties from this tsunami has no modern historical equal (Risk Management Solution 2006). Among the countries hit by the tsunami, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand and India were left with the most serious damage and death tolls. The aftermath of the tsunami was even worse than anticipated with deaths recorded as far as 8000 km away from the epicenter, along the east coast of Africa. Thousands of individuals were carried away by the waves into the open sea and the ones who survived were left with no food or clean water and open wounds (National Geographic 2005). Given a high risk of famine and epidemic diseases, the level of death increased significantly (National Geographic 2005). With this said, given the extent of the disaster, it instantly spurred international support and assistance through financial and humanitarian aid for the people affected by the tsunami (National Geographic 2005) A humanitarian campaign was quickly put in place to provide temporary sanitation facilities, nutrition and fresh water to contain the spread of diseases (National Geographic 2005). The main economic impacts of the Indian Ocean Tsunami were the damage inflicted to the fishing and tourism industry. As a result of the tsunami, marine fishery and aquaculture harvests of affected nations were severely depressed (UKabc 2006). This was in part due to lack of fishing stocks, but also damage to necessary equipment such as fishing boats and gear (UKabc 2006). As a major economic activity and a provider of foreign exchange income, fishing also provided employment to a large span of individuals. This disaster lead to high income loss for coastal fishing communities that relied heavily on fishing seasons as their primary source of income. In addition, water surges and flooding (Figure 4) destroyed many important buildings and properties along the coasted cities that were affected, including touristic resorts (Risk Management Solution 2006). Although, most tourist infrastructures remained intact following the tsunami, tourism industry faced numerous cancellations (Rossetto 2007). Thus, the loss suffered by the fishing and tourism sector will have long-lasting economic consequences for these coastal regions. The tsunami impacts on the environment were both widespread and destructive (Figure 5). The main effect on the natural environment includes critical damage inflicted on the ecosystems from the salt-contamination of freshwater supplies and soil (Athykorala 2005). Seawater contaminated wells and invaded porous rocks on which stricken communities depended for water (Rossetto 2007). Hence, unless seawater can easily be pumped out, these communities were likely to depend on outside aid for water and food for upcoming months. In addition, an increased salt concentration in the soil will have a damaging effect on plants causing them to wilt and die (Athykorala 2005). As a result, some plantation sites were completely destroyed and would take several years before full recovery. This tsunami can have an immediate devastating impact on the psychological and social well being of individuals exposed to it. Such disaster results in tremendous destruction, but also creates concern for mental health of the survivors. There was great concern over the youngsters because children and adolescents are considered to be more vulnerable than adults to such traumatic events (Bhushan 2007). Within the first 6 months following it, 23-30% of children were diagnosed with full and persistent symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorders (Bhushan 2007). This can impede with their psychological functioning, which is critical for their future development. Actions Although the tsunami could not be prevented, its impact could have been mitigated. Unlike earthquakes, tsunamis can be detected in advance from a Tsunami Warning System that uses a network of ocean-floor and surface sensors (Sausmarez 2005). However, such warning system did not exist in the Indian Ocean back in 2004, which left individuals of affected nations completely surprised by the tsunami (Sausmarez 2005). No effective communication infrastructure was available to warn population on the coastlines. Following this natural disaster, an important issue arises about the population’s education of warning signs and precautions that can be taken to reduce the likelihood of death during a tsunami. For instance, if individuals had a better understanding of tsunamis, it could have saved thousands of lives. For example, they should be able to recognize that a receding sea is an indication of impending danger (Athykorala 2005). With this said, improving public awareness could be beneficial in that it prepares them to react accordingly to protect their lives and lives of others. At a United Nations conference in 2005, an agreement was made upon establishing a Tsunami Warning System in the Indian Ocean (Sausmarez 2005). This system of warnings has been active since 2006 (Unescopress 2006). Conclusion The 26th December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami ranks as the most devastating tsunami ever with over 225 000 deaths. Concerns resulting from this tsunami include damage inflicted on the natural environment, vegetation, buildings and other man-made structures, but more importantly on life. Although this event caused large economic and social consequences, it led to inevitable improvement and development of measures to reduce risk of life and economic losses. For instance, in order to reduce the vulnerability of individuals and properties on exposed coastlines, a warning system has been implemented in the Indian Ocean and will lead to improved communication in such situation. In addition, a lack of knowledge, preparedness and mitigation strategies also justifies the significant death tolls. Thus, program of mitigation and preparedness should be put into place in order to educate individuals to better cope when facing such a disaster. Finally, given that this tsunami has a return period of longer than 500 years; it is unlikely that a natural disaster of this magnitude will occur in the near future. Nevertheless, if it were to happen, these nations have the necessary protective measures to cope. Bibliography Top of Form Bottom of Form Athykorala, P., Resosudarmo, B. (December 01, 2005). The Indian Ocean Tsunami: Economic Impact, Disaster Management, and Lessons. Asian Economic Papers, 4, 1, 1-39. Top of Form Rossetto, T., Peiris, N., Pomonis, A., Wilkinson, S., Re, D., Koo, R., Gallocher, S. (January 01, 2007). The Indian Ocean tsunami of December 26, 2004: observations in Sri Lanka and Thailand. Natural Hazards, 42, 1, 105-124. Top of Form Nirupama, N. (January 01, 2009). Socio-economic implications based on interviews with fishermen following the Indian Ocean tsunami. Natural Hazards, 48, 1, 1-9. De Sausmarez, N. (January 01, 2005). The Indian Ocean Tsunami. Tourism and Hospitality: Planning Development, 2, 1, 55-59. Paris, R., Lavigne F., Wassimer P. Sartohadi J. (2007). Coastal sedimentation associated with the December 26, 2004 tsunami in Lhok Nga, west Banda Aceh (Sumatra, Indonesia). Marine Geology 238 (1-4): 93-106 Bilham, Roger. A Flying Start, Then a Slow Slip. Science. Vol 308, No. 5725, 1126-1127. May 20, 2005. Top of Form Bhushan, B., Kumar, J. S. (May 01, 2007). Emotional Distress and Posttraumatic Stress in Children Surviving the 2004 Tsunami. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 12, 3, 245-257. Bottom of Form UKabc. (2006). Indian Ocean Tsunamis Devastate Fisherfolk. UK Agricultural Biodiversity Coalition. Retrived November 1, 2001, from http://www.ukabc.org/tsunamis.htm Risk Management Solution. (2006). Managing Tsunami Risk in the Aftermath of the 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake Tsunami. Retrived November 1, 2011, from http://www.disastersrus.org/emtools/tsunami/IndianOceanTsunamiReport.pdf National Geographic. (January 07, 2005). The Deadliest Tsunami in History? National Geographic News. Retrieved November 1, 2011, from http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/12/1227_041226_tsunami.html Unescopress. (2006). Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning system up and running. Building peace in the minds of men and women. Retrieved November 1, 2011, from http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=33442URL_DO=DO_TOPICURL_SECTION=201.html National Geographic. (n.d). Tsunamis. National Geographic News. Retrieved November 1, 2001, from http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/natural-disasters/tsunami-profile/ USGC. (n.d). Magnitude 9.1 – Off the West Coast of Northern Sumatra. Science for a changing world. Retrieved November 1, 2001, from http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eq_depot/2004/eq_041226/neic_slav_l.html National Geographic. (n.d) Tsunami. National Geographic New. Retrieved November 1, 2001, from http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/photos/tsunami-general/#/tsunami01-coastal-flooding_21847_600x450.jpg USGS. (n.d). Details of Tsunami Generation. Pacific Coastal Marine Science Center. Retrieved November 1, 2001, from http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/tsunami/sumatraEQ/model.html

Shylock ways of Expressing Conflicts

Shylock ways of Expressing Conflicts The Merchant of Venice has an Italian setting and marriage plot; this is very typical of Shakespeare whose love for Italy is evident in most of his play. In Merchant of Venice Shakespeares remarkable rogue Shylock raises this play to a new level. The play was written in 1598 and reflects religious activities in the 16th century. This play defines two main settings, Venice, a city of trade where many businessmen are located, a place filled with unfortunate and unpleasant individuals; the other setting is Belmont, a city where rich, happy and stylish society of beautiful people is housed. Belmont is an enchanted world occupied with love, music and happiness. In Act 1 Scene 3, the audience expects Antonio and Shylock to immediately odium each other before they meet in the play. This is because in the Elizabethan era Jews were commonly disliked by Christian nations throughout the 16th century, as Christians believed that in biblical history Jews were the people that killed Jesus Christ (Christian messiah). Jews suffered harsh persecution over the centuries, including torture, loss of property, and forced conversion to Christianity. England expelled all Jews about 300 years earlier to William Shakespeares time, much of what remained of them were tales filled with anti-Semitic response ranging from exaggeration to complete lies, which portrayed them as vile, evil and despicable. Jews in Elizabethan times were not viewed as citizens. Instead, they were viewed as outsiders, and were often banned from many occupations because of their religion. This helped the audience understand the conflict that exists between Shylock and Antonio. Jews were l eft with few means of earning a living as only Christians could belong to professional relations as well as own land . Christians, however, could not lend money with interest, and many Jews earned a profitable living as usurers. We know Shylock is a Jew since the narration specifies that hes a Jew Enter Bassanio with Shylock the Jew. Shakespeare puts an emphasis on Shylock the Jew since he doesnt state the religion of the other characters. The audience are introduced to Shylock as a greedy man because the first thing he said was about money Three thousand ducats, well. Shylock describes Antonio as a good man, even though some people might think it means Antonio is kind and generous but to Shylock this means that Antonio has enough money to repay him. It is made clear from the way Shylock is introduced that he is hatching a cunning plan from the start because Shakespeare specifies that Shylock is a Jew but for the other characters he doesnt state their religion. The audience begin to think Shylock is devious and has something up his sleeves. and then there is the perils of the waters, winds and rocks. The man is notwithstanding sufficient. I think I might take this bond. Even though Shylock knows that Antonios ships will be destroyed (all Antonios money is invested in his ships) he still goes ahead to lend him the money. Bassanio invites Shylock to dine with them If it please you to dine with me, Shylock denies saying I will buy with you, sell with you, talk with you, walk with you, and so following but I will not eat with you, drink with you, nor pray with you. This indicates that even though Shylock will do business with Antonio and Bassanio he will not eat, drink or pray with the. It also shows the religious differences that set Shylock apart from the Christian Venetians. Shakespeare presents Shylock this way so that the audiences hatred would be focused in the direction of Shylock. Shakespeare, while describing the Jewish moneylender Shylock according to stereotypes, fills Shylock with humanity and produces sympathy for the troubles of the Jews. On the other hand, an Elizabethan audience wont show sympathy towards Shylock as they are anti-Semitic to Jews. Just before Shylock speaks to Antonio, he lets the audience know in aside that he hates Antonio I hate him for he is a Christian. This phrase said by Shylock is based on the beliefs of other Jews on other Christians; it helps the audience to know the conflict that exists between Shylock and Antonio. The phrase also shows how stereotypical Shylock is since he doesnt really know Antonio, but because Shylock has heard of Jew-hating Christians he thinks that he too should hate Christians since all of them hate Jews. Shylock distastes Antonio because he lends out money gratis free of interest, so reducing the interest rates for people who make live as moneylenders such as Shylock and for having disgraced him in public by spitting on him and calling him names such as dog and cutthroat Jew. For humiliation as well as the persecution that the Jews have long suffered at the hands of the Christians, Shylock tells the audience that he hopes to exact vengeance on Antonio. If I can catch him once upon the hip, I will feed fat the ancient grudge I bear him.He hates our sacred nation . . . Cursd be my tribe if I forgive him! Shylock reveals to the audience that hes prejudice against Christians and he also explains to the audience how Shylock himself has experienced anti-Semitic discrimination. Both Shylock and Antonios ideas are connected around the ideas of business. Antonio the Christian believes that usury is wrong so should not be practiced, whereas Shylock the Jew who is forbidden to try any other profession decided to use usury (lending money for interest) as a way to make a living and identify themselves in the Venetian society. If I forgive him!Shylocks quote in Act 1 Scene 3 line 36-47 tells the audience that Shylock is as concerned with money as religion, and possibly even more so. Shylock uses his money to get back at Antonio so he can feed his personal grudge against him. He views the lending as an opportunity to stick it to Christians for all the troubles and sufferings they have caused the Jews. The money lending is a battle between the two men as well as their religions. Shylock and Antonio can be considered substitute for their religious issues. But money is their way of throwing in personal accusations while fighting the religious fight. Shylock is told by Antonio that normally he wouldnt take part in a deal involving interest but because his friend is in need of the money he will break his custom. Their greeting has made an ironic suggestion to the audience, which was Shylocks hateful opinion towards Antonio I hate him for he is a Christian. Shylock decides to loan Bassanio the money he needs. Shylock recites the Biblical story of Jacob to defend his practice of charging interest. Shylock shows the personal and religious differences between his religion and Christianity by reciting the Book of Genesis. As it is unnatural to gain/make money from money Christians believe usury is dissolute. But Shylocks defends his use of usury by interpreting and stating the Bible saying that him charging interest for the money he lends is not very different from Jacobs breeding of the animals in the bible. Jacobs breeding by the Christian law is believed to be natural. The Hebrew will turn Christian; he grows kind. As Antonio thinks that Jews arent kind and cant be kind unless theyre Christians. He witnesses Shylock, the Hebrew, become kind by lending him money and so believes thats impossible. Since Shylock is being generous by lending Antonio money, Antonio takes it as Shylock being Christianised as hes being nice. This quotation tells the audience how Antonio considers his religion superior to Judaism. The previous quotation I hate him for he is Christian illustrated how Shylock was stereotypical about Christians. There are similar beliefs in the religions of both characters. The exchange in words between Shylock and Antonio prepares the audience for what is going to happen next. Antonio has publicly abused Shylock many times on different occasions and even spat on upon Shylocks clothing spit upon my Jewish gabardine Shylocks asks Antonio why he should lend him money as he would a friend when all he has done nothing but insult and humiliate him. Angry with fury Antonio insults Shylock again. Shylock doesnt want to pretend he is friends with Antonio so he says If thou wilt lend this money, lend it not as to thy friends But lend it rather to thine enemy. Shylock then unexpectedly suggests an unusual deal. He informs Antonio that this time he will lend money without charging interest. Nevertheless, Shylock will be allowed to cut off one pound of Antonios flesh from any part of his body if Antonio is unable to pay Shylock. The bond Shylock makes is a very confusing and unexpected one so it makes it complicated for the audience to understand his reason(s) for suggesting such a bond. Shylock is adopting the Christians stated business and directing them towards an a trocious end by trading flesh instead of making money breed by usury; this mocks the principles of Christianity. Antonio is told by Shylock that he wants to be companions with him and will settle the bond for a pound of flesh as a merry sport. Antonio agrees Yes Shylock, I will seal unto this bond to Shylocks bond despite Bassanios nervousness You shall not seal to such a bond for me about binding his friend to such a dangerous bond. Bassanio shows some sense of right and wrong about putting his greed before his friend, for the first time as he realises that by being greedy he has caused his friend to agree to put a price on his pound of flesh, this leads Antonio right into Shylocks trap. By signing the contract Antonio agrees to be bond. Act 1 Scene 3 is an important scene because it completes the description of the two different and main plot lines of the play: Antonio agreeing to Shylocks bond which is the three thousand ducats Antonio wants to lend for the pound of flesh that Shylock wants instead of charging Antonio interest; and second, and more dramatically, this scene introduces Shylock the Jew. In this scene, Shakespeare gives as an insight to why and how Shylock seems to be the most powerful character in the play. Even though Shylock and Antonio both have different manners and capabilities both characters are successful businessmen in Venice. When Antonio is asking Shylock for the loan he says, Within these two months, thats a month before this bond expires, I do expect, return of thrice times the value of this bond.. Shylock being a selfish businessman asks for three times the value of the loan. Antonio being a risk taker lends his good name to Bassanio to woo Portia. Antonio thinks things will be always go right for him, his business and his success will endure, this is revealed when he accepts a dangerous bond and the high interest rate if the money isnt received. Shylock is a wicked man who wants a pound of Antonios flesh if his money is not paid back, whereas, Antonio is prepared to risk his life for his friend who happens to be in love with the wealthy, intelligent and beautiful Portia- Antonios sacrifice for his friend shows how different he is from Shylock. The Jewish old testaments states an eye for an eye which means that if someone wrongs you, seek revenge, on the other hand the Christians New Testament gives us Jesus message of peace, love and forgiveness forgive and forget. The play shows how Christians and Jews used to treat each in the 16th century. We dont deal with the same issues like greed, prejudice, hatred and revenge Jews and Christians showed towards each other because in todays society everyone is equal. I feel that the scene is a very complicated scene as it explains how Christians and Jews acted towards each other in Shakespearean time as well as how Shylock tricked Antonio into accepting a dangerous bond. I feel that both views of Jews and Christians are wrong since Im sure not all Jews and Christians acted how Antonio and Shylock did in Shakespeare time. I think the play is somewhat related to the persecution of Jews in World War as well as the killings of the genocide. Even though Shylock was represented as such an extremist by Elizabethan audience/Shakespeare, he wouldnt be represented as such by a modern audience.

Soliloquy and Revenge in Hamlet Essay -- Shakespeare Soliloquies

Soliloquy and Revenge in Hamlet      Ã‚  Ã‚   The soliloquy is a literary device that is employed to unconsciously reveal an actor's thoughts to the audience. In William Shakespeare's, Hamlet, Hamlet's soliloquy in Act II, ii, (576-634) depicts his arrival at a state of vengeful behaviour through an internal process. Hamlet moves through states of depression and procrastination as he is caught up in the aftermath of the murder of his father and the marriage of his mother to his uncle. The soliloquy serves to effectively illustrate the inner nature of Hamlet's character and develop the theme of revenge.    In the soliloquy, Hamlet's depression, due to his "dear father['s]" (612) murder and the incestuous family relationship, is revealed as he compares his situation to that of King Priam and Hecuba. The pain that the player feels, acting as the mythological King Priam symbolizes the loss that Hamlet experiences. Hamlet feels that he has enough cause to "drown the stage in tears." (589) Arising from Hamlet's depression comes a paralysis to act. By not acting upon the...

F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby :: Fitzgerald Great Gatsby Essays

F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby In The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald and Daisy Miller by Henry James, most of the characters are under illusions during the majority of the plot. The plots are carried out with the characters living under these illusions, which are mainly overcome by the ends of the stories. The disillusionment of most of the characters completely diminishes the foundation in which the plots were built upon, leading to the downfall of some of the main characters and the altering of the other characters. In The Great Gatsby, Gatsby functions under the illusion that Daisy is perfect and is living in such distress because she was forced to marry Tom due to Gatsby being away at war and being poor. This illusion leads Gatsby to spend his entire adult life pining after Daisy and cheating his way up the social and economic ladder in order to win her over. Gatsby believes that Daisy will someday come back to him because she loves him so much and they will live happily ever after together. Daisy is living under the illusion that Gatsby has become rich and successful by working so hard and getting lucky with some investments. I think that when she first met him she probably did love him. He conveyed something to her that was the complete opposite of what she was: a poor soldier that did not have the social class that she possessed. But now her attitudes have changed and she is attracted to him because of his money and his apparent success. Tom functions under the illusion that Daisy not only loves him now, but has always loved him and been completely devoted to him. Daisy does admit that she once loved him, but he was not her first choice; Gatsby was. Tom is also under the illusion that Daisy will never leave him. He has an ongoing, almost public affair with Myrtle but still wants to be devoted to Daisy and demands her devotion to him. Tom feels as if he will never lose anything: his money, Daisy, or his social status. Although their money and social status gives them everything they need and want, they are still restless in life and in marriage. No matter what and who they have, they are never satisfied. Tom had Daisy, but wants Myrtle, too. Daisy has Tom, but wants Gatsby, too.

Rates of Reaction :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

Whether the strength of Hydrochloric acid will affect the speed of the rate of reaction when reacting with Magnesium Ribbon. I want to find out whether the strength of Hydrochloric acid will affect the speed of the rate of reaction when reacting with Magnesium Ribbon. Variables There are two important independent variables in my investigation the first of which is the concentration of the Hydrochloric Acid used during the investigation. The concentration of the acid will partly determine how fast the reaction takes place, if we put some of the magnesium ribbon into the HCL at 2molar then it might have simply dissolved within a few seconds and then I would not have had time to record down any decent enough results to plot a graph with. The other important independent variable that will affect the speed of the rate of reaction is the length of magnesium ribbon. We need to put enough Mg Ribbon into the HCL so that it doesn’t run out straight away but also so that the experiment stops by itself once the gas syringe has filled up. The reasons for choosing these two independent variables are that it would be too hard to try and find a catalyst for this experiment; a catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the reaction. Finding a catalyst for this particular experiment could take months never mind the amount of time we have been given for our experiment. The independent variable that I will change is going to be the hydrochloric acid, we will use 50ml of HCL at the following molarity concentrations; 2molar, 1.6molar, 1.2molar, 0.8 molar and 0.4 molar. I have decided to experiment with these different strengths of molar because I think it will give a wide set of results to put into a graph. The dependant variable I shall be measuring will be the time it takes for the magnesium to completely react with the hydrochloric acid, I shall record the times for each concentration of hydrochloric acid three times so that it makes it a fair test. To ensure the investigation is fair we will use the same length of magnesium ribbon for all the different strengths of hydrochloric acid and the length will be the one that we picked out from the preliminary experiments. Another way in which we will keep the investigation fair will be to carry out an experiment at each concentration of hydrochloric acid three times so that we can then get hopefully around the same outcome from each experiment, and if there are any anomalies we can try to explain why they happened.

Persuasive Technology: Using Computers to Change What We Think and Do

REFERENCE AND CITATION FORMAT FOR THE COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM DR ANDY DONG The Association for Computing Machinery is the pre-eminent professional body dealing in all aspects of information technology. This is a style guide for their reference and citation format. Note that there are some slight stylistic differences between the format for the magazine Communications of the ACM (per the style in EndNote) and the ACM conference proceedings reference format (per the style in the ACM conference proceedings template). This document will describe the Communications of the ACM style.Windows 7 Check Your UnderstandingIn practice, adherence to a single, consistent style is satisfactory. References Section The References section appears at the end of the paper. All references appear alphabetically by the lead author’s last name and are numbered consecutively. A clear header should be used to indicate the start of the References. Example: References 1. Bless, H. The Interplay of Affec t and Cognition. in Forgas, J. P. ed. Feeling and Thinking: The Role of Affect in Social Cognition, Maison des Sciences de l'Homme and Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000, 201-222. . Garcia, A. C. B. and Howard, H. C. Acquiring design knowledge through design decision justification. Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing, 6 (1). 59-71. Citation As you write your report, you will cite your references. A citation to a reference in the body of the text is indicated by a bracketed number corresponding to the reference number in the References section. Example: During high stress periods, individuals should focus on the situation-specific tasks rather than rely on general knowledge structures. 1] Reference Formats GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS A complete reference should contain the name(s) of the author(s) and/or editor(s), the title of the article, the name of the book or conference proceedings where appropriate, and bibliographic information about th e article such as the name of the publisher, the city of publication, and the page numbers. The basic concept is that the reference should be sufficiently complete so that the reader could readily find the reference and can judge the authority and objectivity of the reference.All author names appear as Lastname, Initials. For example, if Andy Dong is the primary author and Alice M. Agogino is the second author, the correct appearance of the author names would be: Dong, A. , and Agogino, A. M. THIS IS THE REFERENCE FORMAT FOR A BOOK. Authors. Title. Publisher, City of Publication, Year of Publication. Example: 1. Fogg, B. J. Persuasive technology: using computers to change what we think and do. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Boston, 2003. THIS IS THE REFERENCE STYLE FOR AN ARTICLE WHICH APPEARS IN AN EDITED BOOK. Authors. Title. n Editors Title of edited book, Publisher, City of Publication, Year of Publication, Pages. Example: 1. Fischer, G. and Nakakoji, K. Amplifying designersâ€℠¢ creativity with domain-oriented design environments. in Dartnall, T. ed. Artificial Intelligence and Creativity: An Interdisciplinary Approach, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1994, 343-364. THIS IS THE REFERENCE STYLE FOR A JOURNAL OR MAGAZINE ARTICLE. Authors. Title. Journal or magazine name, Volume (Issue), Pages. Example: 1. Hirsh, H. , Coen, M. H. , Mozer, M. C. , Hasha, R. and Flanagan, J.L. Room service, AI-style. IEEE intelligent systems, 14 (2). 8-19. THIS IS THE REFERENCE STYLE FOR A CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS. Authors, Title. in Title of conference, (Location of Conference, Year), Publisher, Pages. Example: 1. Leclercq, P. and Heylighen, A. 5,8 Analogies per hour: A designer's view on analogical reasoning. in 7th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Design, (Cambridge, UK, 2002), Kluwer Academic Publishers, 285-303. THIS IS THE REFERENCE STYLE FOR ELECTRONIC MEDIA (ARTICLES, IMAGES, ETC. ) RETRIEVED FROM THE WEB.FOLLOW THE REFERENCE FORMAT FOR A JOU RNAL ARTICLE AND THEN INCLUDE INFORMATION ABOUT THE WEB SITE AND THE DATE WHEN YOU RETRIEVED THE RESOURCE. NOTE THAT THE DATE OF PUBLICATION AND THE DATE OF RETRIEVAL OF THE ARTICLE MAY NOT BE THE SAME. WHEN THERE IS NO DETERMINATE DATE OF PUBLICATION, USE (N. D. ) IN THE DATE FIELD. WHERE POSSIBLE, INCLUDE THE NAME OF THE ORGANIZATION HOSTING THE WEB SITE. Examples: In the following example, the Cornell Chronicle is a regular newsletter which is published online. Thus, we follow the journal/magazine format and include the volume and issue.Steele, B. Look, Ma, no wires! Cornell class project tests wireless networking, Cornell Chronicle, 31 (35). Retrieved February 15, 2004, from Columbia University: http://www. news. cornell. edu/Chronicle/00/5. 18. 00/wireless_class. html. The following Web page has no evident author, but the â€Å"Revised date† in the footer gives us the date of publication. MIT Project Oxygen: Overview, 2004. Retrieved March 15, 2005, from Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology: http://oxygen. lcs. mit. edu/Overview. html.

Bisleri and Aquafina Essay

1. INTRODUCTION The tradition of bottled water and mineral water is not very old. Even in western countries the practice of bottled drinking water started in 1950s. The trend of having mineral water gained grounds in the market. Now around 100 companies sell an estimated 424 million liters of bottled water valued at around Rs. 200 crores in the country annually. Since ancient time people have used water from mineral springs, especially hot springs, for bathing due to its supposed therapeutic value for rheumatism, arthritis, skin diseases, and various other ailments. This started the trend of using mineral water for drinking purpose to exploit the therapeutic value of the water. This trend started gaining momentum in mid 1970s and since then large quantities of bottled water from mineral springs in France and other European The concept of bottled has been quite prevalent in western countries due to greater health consciousness and higher awareness about health and hygiene countries are exported every year. In India, with exposure of media and international life styles, deteriorating levels of potable water, drastic increase in a number of water borne disease cases, increased in awareness about health and hygiene and other related factors led to acceptability of concept of mineral water. The market has not looked back ever since then and has grown leaps and bounds to such an extent that a number of genuine as well as fly-by -night operators have entered it to milk it. In 1967 Bisleri set up a bottling plant for manufacturing and marketing its mineral water but failed. The brand was later sold off to Parle in 1968-69. Mineral water market had its seeding as early as 1968-69 when Parle Group acquired the Bisleri brand from Bisleri of Italy for launching Soda water but later launched bottled water also. The launch at that time was a big flop as concept of buying water that too in bottled form was not accepted by the Indian public. The market remained dormant for quite long (for a period of 20 years or so). The market throughout this period was formed only by the premium products that too available through 5-star hotels. In early 1990s with onset of liberalization policy by the Indian government, coming in of cola majors, sell off of local soft drink brands of Campa, Thumps up, Gold Spot etc by Parle to Coke and other factors led Bisleri to test waters again. Bisleri re-launched its bottled water in 1994. 3. PESTLE ANALYSIS OF THE INDIAN BOTTLED WATER DRINKING INDUSTRY Political * There are various political parties protesting against the pricing of mineral water. * There is stable government at the centre with liberal policies. * The government has imposed price ceiling on bottled water. Economical * Increase in per capita income. * Expansion of multinationals, IT and BPO companies in Tier 1 and 2 cities. * There is no licensing policy adopted in this sector. * Availability of affordable labor. Social * Bottled water was earlier considered as a status symbol. * Bottled water is now the only source of pure drinking water in areas where there is scarcity of water. * The bottled water is considered to be safe as compared to ordinary tap water. * There in increase in health consciousness of people. Technological * The bundling of technologies like distillation, reverse osmosis, activated carbon filter, etc helps in better quality of water. * There has been a shift in packaging from bottles made of glass to bottles made of PET. This helps in recycling and reducing environmental pollution. Legal * Governed by PFA and BIS standard. * BIS has provided standards for mineral and drinking water. The BIS approval was made mandatory from 1999. * Mineral water should be packed in clean, colorless, transparent, odorless, tamper proof bottles made up of polyethylene. * PFA and BIS lays standard for metals like lead, mercury, arsenic, aluminum and barium. Environmental * The use of Plastic for bottled water increases environmental pollution. * The increase in consumption of bottled water causes depletion of valuable fossil fuels. 4. INDUSTRY ANALYSIS (PORTER’S FIVE FORCE MODEL) a) Determinants of entry As the Packed bottled water is growing at the rate of 19% in India and is expected to grow from 8000 crores to 10000 crores by 2013 it is the most lucrative and fastest growing sector currently. The market capitalization is 50-50 i.e. 50% by organised players and 50% by unorganised players. There are more than 200 players in the segment: 1- High demand sector. 2- Unorganised labour requirement. 3- Absolute Cost Advantage. 4- Low switching cost. 5- Recession proof industry. b) Determinants of rivalry The rivalry is not only among the top and the organised players in the sector but also among the unorganised players who are weak in brand identity. The major reasons are * Distribution channels * Retailer’s shelf space * Price * Flexible packaging of the water to suite the purchasing power of the consumer. c) Bargaining power of buyers The bargaining power of the buyers is very high in the B2C and the B2B segment because of the number of players present in the market. d) Bargaining power of suppliers-   The bargaining power of the supplier of the raw materials to the industry is very high because of lack of substitute of the raw material. Also since the demand of the end product is very high and the industry is growing the suppliers can demand a premium for the services rendered. e) Substitution threat Though theoretically speaking there is no substitute for water but then we can say the following can be considered as a substitute for it * Aerated drinks. * Juices 5. BISLERI 5.1 Brand Tagline: â€Å"Play Safe† Mission Statement: â€Å"To provide the highest quality product, keeping in mind all aspect including freshness, purity and safety and making it easily available to the consumer at very affordable price.† 5.2 Company Background Parle Bisleri Ltd is the biggest domestic player in soft drinks in India. It is a private company owned by Ramesh Chauhan. The company sold off the Thumps Up and Gold Spot brands to Coca-Cola India in the early 1990s. Since then, the company has focused solely on bottled water in India. Due to the vast number of players present in bottled water in India, Parle Bisleri has tried to differentiate its brands from the competition. The company shifted its slogan from â€Å"Pure and Safe† to â€Å"Play Safe†, following the attempt of many regional players to emulate the look of the company’s brands. Parle Bisleri is credited with revolutionizing bulk bottled water in India through the introduction of innovative 20-litre jar packaging. The company developed consumer-friendly packaging for its 20-litre jars by adding threaded fittings and valve caps, as opposed to other brands that feature snap-on fittings. These innovations facilitated easier draining of water from the jar. 5.3 History The origin of BISLERI lies in Italy and the brand owes its name to its founder MR.FELICE BISLERI, an Italian entrepreneur. In 1967, BISLERI set up a plant in Bombay for bottling and marketing actual mineral water, which did not quite work. By 1969, BISLERI wanted to exit the business and to help him out the Chauhan’s bought the brand, intending to turn it into a soda brand. Since then it has come a long way. Now, it owns a large percentage of shares in the Indian market and also it has its presence in International Water Market. 5.4 Products Bisleri offers a wide gamut of pack and price options. It offers 7 packaging options; a 250-ml cup and bottles in 500 ml, 1-litre, 2-litre, 5-litre, 12-litre and 20-litre packs. The 1-litre bottle accounts for nearly 50 per cent of the sales, with the 2-litre bottle taking up 20 per cent of the sales. The remaining sizes share the balance. 5.5 Production †¢ Parle Bisleri Ltd operates a network of 55 plants spread across the country. This ensures an extensive reach for the company’s products. The company reportedly has plans to increase production capacity further in 2008. †¢ Parle Bisleri’s latest product, Bisleri Mountain Water, is bottled in two plants in Uttarakhand (formerly Uttaranchal) and Himachal Pradesh. The company plans to invest Rs100 million to increase the new brand’s manufacturing and distribution capacity.