Chapter 2 Exam †Scarcity and the World of Trade Essay

CHAPTER 2 Exam – Scarcity and the World of Trade—offs MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1)As a student of economics, when you speak of scarcity, you are referring to A)the ability of society to employ all of its resources. B) the ability of society to consume all that it produces. C)the inability of society to satisfy all human wants because of limited resources. D)the ability of society to continually make technological breakthroughs and increase production. 2)Which of the following statements is FALSE? A)As society increases its wealth, the problem of scarcity disappears. B)The factors of production are used to produce outputs that help society satisfy its wants. C)Even though a society faces the problem of scarcity, it does not necessarily suffer from poverty. D)Land and labor are both factors of production. 3)The problem of economic scarcity applies A)only in industrially developed countries because resources are scarce. B) only in underdeveloped countries because there are no productive resources. C) only in economic systems that are just beginning to develop because specialized resources are scarce. D)to all economic systems, regardless of their level of development. 4)In every economic system, choices must be made because resources A) are unlimited, but human desires and wants are limited. B)are limited, but human desires and wants are unlimited. C)are unlimited, and so are human desires and wants. D)are limited, and so are human desires and wants. 5)The opportunity cost of going to college might best be described as A)the money that must be paid in order to attend college. B)the lowest—valued alternative use of the student’s time. C)the highest—valued alternative use of the student’s time. D)the value that the student attaches to not working. 6)In the production of goods and services, trade—offs exist because A)not all production is efficient. B)society has only a limited amount of productive resources. C)buyers and sellers often must negotiate prices. D)human wants and needs are limited at a particular point in time. 7)Look at the following production possibilities table for drill presses and corn. The table shows the maximum combination of drills and bushels of corn that can be produced when all resources are fully employed. Drill Presses1020304050 Corn (bushels)15014012090500 Based on the above information, A)there is a constant trade—off between corn and drill presses. B)the opportunity cost of producing 30 drill presses instead of 20 drills is 120 bushels of corn. C)the opportunity cost of producing 40 drill presses instead of 30 drills is 30 bushels of corn. D)the production possibilities curve for drill presses and corn will be a straight line. 8)The production possibilities curve represents A)the maximum amount of labor and capital available to society. B)combinations of goods and services among which consumers are indifferent. C)the maximum combination of goods and services that can be produced with fixed resources and technology, given efficient use of the resources. D)the maximum rate of growth of capital and labor in a country. 9)Which of the following would result in a movement along the production possibilities curve? A)a fall in the unemployment rate B)growth in the capital stock C)population growth D)a change in the composition of two goods that a society chooses to produce 10)One of the assumptions underlying the production possibilities curve is that A) at least one of the factors of production is a free good. B)the quantity of the resources available for the production of economic goods is fixed over a given time period. C)there is at least one factor of production that is employed inefficiently. D)some of the factors of production are not being used. 11)Which of the following statements is NOT an assumption underlying the production possibilities curve? A)Resources are fully and efficiently employed. B)Technology is fixed. C)Production occurs over some specified time period. D)The amount of resources available for production can be changed quickly. 12)If a production possibilities curve for books and magazines is straight, then A)the opportunity cost of increasing book production remains constant regardless of the total quantity produced. B)the opportunity cost of increasing book production continues to decline as total production increases. C)the opportunity cost of increasing book production continues to increase as total production increases. D)the opportunity cost of increasing book production is independent of the shape of the curve. [pic] 13)Inthe figure above, point D A)is less efficient than point C.B) is more efficient than point A. C)is less efficient than point B.D) is more efficient than point B. 14)In the figure above, point E could be obtained if A) resources were shifted from education to healthcare. B)resources were used more efficiently. C)there was an increase in society’s resources. D)resources were shifted from healthcare to education. 15)In the figure above, the opportunity cost of moving from point B to point C A) is the loss in production in the healthcare sector. B)is the increase in production in the education sector. C)is zero. D)is the loss in production in the education sector. 16)In the figure above, Point A is undesirable because A)there is an inefficient use of resources. B)too much healthcare is being produced. C)the opportunity costs of health care are too high. D)point E is a more realistic option in this economy. Table 0201A Possibility Good ABCDEFG Television 212018151160 Personal computers0123456 17)When the economy moves from point D to E in Table 0201A, the opportunity cost of the computer in terms of televisions is A)3.B) 4.C) 2.D) 5. 18)According to Table 0201A, the opportunity cost of each additional computer in terms of televisions A)remains constant. B)falls as more computers are produced. C)increases as more computers are produced. D)is meaningless because the cost of computers cannot be expressed in terms of televisions. 19)Given the production possibilities schedule in Table 0201A, a combination of nine televisions and four personal computers A)is attainable but involves an inefficient use of societies resources. B)would be attainable only if a new technology of producing televisions or computers were introduced. C)is not attainable because it is not listed in the schedule. D)is not attainable because society does not have enough resources to produce this combination. 20)Given the production possibilities schedule in Table 0201A, a combination of 23 televisions and 6 personal computers A)is attainable but involves the unemployment of some of societies resources. B) clearly illustrates the trade—off between televisions and computers. C)cannot be produced by society, given its current level of resources and production technology. D)can be produced only if society is willing to have some of its resources used inefficiently. 21)If an economy is operating at a point inside the production possibilities curve, then A)society’s resources are being inefficiently utilized. B)the curve will move to the left. C)society’s resources are being used to produce too many consumer goods. D)economic policy must retard further growth of the economy. 22)A movement along the production possibilities curve would imply that A) the labor force has grown. B)productivity has increased. C)society has chosen a different set of outputs. D)productivity has declined because workers are demanding more leisure. 23)Which of the following would cause an economy to be producing at a point inside its production possibilities curve? A)the efficient allocation of all factors of production B)population growth C)unemployment and an inefficient use of available resources D)capital accumulation 24)A straight line production possibilities curve takes this shape because A) the opportunity cost of producing a good is constant. B)the opportunity cost of producing more of a good is decreasing. C)resources are better suited for producing one output than another. D)resources are fixed. [pic] 25)In the figure above, the combination of computers and televisions shown by point X A) is not attainable at the point in time for which the graph is drawn. B)can be attained only if some of societies resources are unemployed. C)suggests that the law of increasing relative costs does not hold. D)results only because society allocates its resources inefficiently. 26)The combination of personal computers and televisions shown in the figure above by point W A)is an efficient use of society’s resources because it is below the production possibilities curve. B)is more desirable than point X because producing at point W does not put a strain on society’s resources. C)is attainable but involves the inefficient use of some of society’s resources. D)is beyond the capacity of society to produce. 27)Which of the following statements about movement along the production possibilities curve in the figure above is FALSE? A)An additional computer can be produced only if fewer televisions are produced. B)The trade—off between computers and televisions is not constant. C)Society cannot have more of both goods at the same time. D)There are no opportunity costs involved in choosing one point on the curve over all other points. 28)In the figure above, points U, V. Y, and Z show A)an inefficient allocation of societies scarce resources. B)possible combinations of televisions and personal computers. C)a constant trade—off between televisions and personal computers. D)society prefers more televisions than computers. 29)A President of the United States promises to simultaneously produce more defense goods without any decreases in the production of other goods. Under which of the following conditions could such a promise be valid? A)if the U.S. were producing at a point on its production possibilities curve B)if the U.S. were producing inside its production possibilities curve C)if the U.S. were producing to the right of its production possibilities curve D)none of the above; the production possibilities curve must shift to the right 30)If opportunity costs are constant, then A)the production possibilities curve does not exist. B)the production possibilities curve bows outward. C)the production possibilities curve is a straight line. D)factors of production must not be fully employed. 31)The production possibilities curve bows outward because A)opportunity costs are decreasing as the production of a good increases. B)opportunity costs are increasing as the production of a good increases. C)opportunity costs are fixed as the production of a good increases. D)resources are of uniform quality. 32)One type of factor of production is physical capital. All of the following are examples ofphysical capital EXCEPT A)buildings B) machinery C)AM/FM radiosD) a hydroelectric power plant 33)A country that must reduce current consumption to increase future consumption possibilities A)must be allocating resources inefficiently. B)must be producing along the production possibilities curve. C)must be producing outside the production possibilities curve. D)must not have private ownership of property. 34)Which of the following statements about economic scarcity is FALSE? A)Scarcity occurs among the poor and the rich. B)Scarcity only occurs if there are shortages and people waiting in line to buy things. C)Scarcity results from not having enough resources to produce all the things we want. D)Scarcity results in the necessity to make choices. 35)Which of the following statements is FALSE? A)Economic goods are available in desired quantities at a zero price. B)A good is anything that gives satisfaction or happiness to individuals. C)Services are intangible goods such as dry cleaning, hospital care, and restaurant meal preparation. D)Wants are unlimited and include all material and nonmaterial desires. 36)Ineconomic terminology, when a resource is used to produce output it is referred to as A)an intangible.B) a factor of production. C)a service. D) a fifth element. 37)Opportunity cost is defined as A)the value of the next—best alternative that must be sacrificed to attain a want. B)the least—cost means to produce output. C)the value of the output currently received by an individual or a corporation. D)the return from a given unit of labor. 38)One opportunity cost associated with going to college is A) purchasing text books. B)paying tuition. C)giving up employment possibilities while in college. D)paying for room, board, and other living expenses. 39)A production possibilities curve with clothing and food on the axes shows that I. A society can not have an unlimited amount of each good II.For an efficient society, an increase in clothing production will necessitate a decrease in food production III. A society will always produce the maximum amount of both clothing and food A) I onlyB) II onlyC) III onlyD) Both I and II 40)A straight—line production possibilities curve has A)an increasing opportunity cost between the two goods. B)a decreasing opportunity cost between the two goods. C)a constant opportunity cost between the two goods. D)no opportunity cost between the two goods. 41)A point outside a society’s production possibilities curve is one which is A) unattainable given the resources of the society. B)technologically inefficient. C)undesirable given the implied underemployment of resources. D)desirable since it satisfies the desires of the population. 42)A point inside a society’s production possibilities curve represents A)an unattainable combination of outputs. B)an output combination which satisfies the needs of the population. C)an underutilization of productive resources. D)a technically superior output combination. 43)It is correct to state that a society which is on its production possibilities curve is A) underutilizing is resources. B)technologically inefficient. C)consuming too much output. D)fully utilizing its productive resources. 44)Technology is defined as A)the maximum output which can be attained from a stock of physical capital. B)society’s pool of applied knowledge concerning the production of goods and services. C)output beyond the production possibilities boundary. D)the utilization of the most advanced machinery. 45)Efficiency can correctly be defined as A)producing outside the production possibilities boundary. B)minimizing opportunity cost. C)producing the maximum output with given technology and resources. D)providing for the immediate needs of the greatest proportion of the population. 46)The law of increasing opportunity cost implies that A)producing additional units of one good results in proportionately smaller reductions in output of the other good. B)producing additional units of one good results in increasing amounts of lost output of the other good. C)the  production possibilities curve will be a straight line. D)the society will be producing on its production possibilities curve. 47)A bowed production possibilities curve is consistent with A) an unchanged opportunity cost. B)a technologically inefficient society. C)the underutilization of productive resources. D)highly specialized resources. 48)A bowed outward production possibilities curve occurs when A)opportunity costs are constant. B) resources are not scarce. C)additional units of output of one good necessitate increased reductions in the other good. D)the society is operating on the production possibilities curve. 49)Comparative advantage implies choosing that activity which A)has a high opportunity cost. B)is inside the production possibilities frontier. C)has the lowest opportunity cost. D)does not demand any specialization. 50)If individual X has comparative advantage in painting and individual Y has comparative advantage in carpentry, then A)individual X must use fewer hours to paint a fence than individual Y. B)individual Y will specialize in painting. C)there is a lower opportunity cost (expressed in units of carpentry) for individual X to paint than for individual Y to paint. D)specialization will not occur, since each does not have a clear absolute advantage. 51)Which of the following statements about scarcity is TRUE? A)Scarcity is no longer a problem for industrialized countries. B)Scarcity exists in all societies. C)Scarcity is a problem only for greedy people. D)Scarcity is a problem only in countries that do not use markets to organize economic activity. 52)In 1992 hurricanes damaged parts of Florida, Louisiana, and Hawaii, destroying homes, businesses, schools, and infrastructure. In strictly economic terminology, these hurricanes are said to have caused A)scarcity, because the damages made food and shelter scarce. B)scarcity, because some goods were difficult to get. C)shortages, because supplies were cut off and goods were destroyed. D)absolute advantages, because some areas of the country were damaged when others were not. 53)The difference between scarcity and a shortage is A)scarcity is caused by poverty and shortages are caused by natural disasters. B)shortages are a type of scarcity caused by natural disasters while scarcity is caused by human errors. C)scarcity always is a part of human life while shortages usually are temporary. D)shortages are always part of human life while scarcity is usually temporary. 54)Human resources that perform the functions of organizing, managing, and assembling the other factors of production are called A)physical capital.B) venture capital. C)entrepreneurship.D) productive capital. 55)Services can be thought of as A)unvalued goods.B) unwanted goods. C)free goods. D) intangible goods. 56)Scarcity implies that people must A)be miserable.B) be selfish.C) make choices.D) not be selfish. 57)Opportunity cost is A)the intrinsic value of an economic good. B)the total value of all the alternatives forsaken when a choice is made. C)the value of the opportunity selected when a need is satisfied. D)the value of the next highest—ranked alternative that must be sacrificed to obtain a want. 58)Suppose you have four choices–go to a movie, read a book, watch television, or go to a concert. You choose to go to a movie. The opportunity cost of the movie is A)the value of the book not read. B)the value of the television program not watched. C)the value of the concert that you didn’t attend. D)the value of the activity that you would have selected if you hadn’t gone to the movie. 59)Fred and Ann both decide to see the same movie when they are given free tickets to the movie. We know that A)both bear an opportunity cost since they could have done other things instead of see the movie. B)both bear the same opportunity cost since they are doing the same thing. C)the cost of going to the movie is greater for the one who had more choices to do other things. D)neither bear an opportunity cost because the tickets were free. 60)Opportunity costs are A)objective because they can always be put in monetary terms. B)objective because specific things are given up when making a choice. C)subjective because each person decides the value of the foregone alternative. D)subjective because it is impossible to put a monetary value on foregone alternatives. 61)Bill Bonecrusher graduates from college with a choice of playing professional football at $2 million a year or coaching for $50,000 a year. He decides to play football, but eight years later he quits football to make movies for $3 million a year. His opportunity cost at graduation was and eight years later was A)$50,000; $2 millionB) $2 million; $2 million C)$2 million; $3 millionD) $50,000; $50,000 [pic] 62)A farmer has 200 acres of land on which he can grow soybeans or corn. An acre of land yields 200 bushels of soybeans or 100bushels of corn. The figure above refers to the farmer’s A)production possibilities curve.B) substitution options curve. C)trade—offs curve. D) opportunity cost curve, 63)If the farmer is producing 5000 bushels of soybeans at point B in the figure above, we know that A)the farmer is not using his resources efficiently. B)the farmer is using his land to produce a crop other than soybeans or corn. C) the farmer must be using more land than was used in constructing the  production possibilities curve. D)the farmer is using his resources efficiently. 64)In the figure above, how many units of corn are produced at point a? A)2000 B)2500 C)3000 D)We can’t tell without more information 65)A point outside a production possibilities curve indicates A)that resources are not being used efficiently. B)an output combination that society cannot attain given its current level of resources and technology. C)that resources are being used very efficiently. D)that both goods are characterized by increasing costs. [pic] 66)In the figure above, which of the following points indicates the efficient use of resources? A) a B)f C)g D) h 67)The shape of the production possibilities curve in the figure above indicates that A)production of corn is characterized by increasing costs while the production of cloth is characterized by decreasing costs. B)production of both corn and cloth is characterized by increasing costs. C)production of both corn and cloth is characterized by constant costs. D) production of corn is characterized by constant costs and the production of cloth is characterized by increasing costs. 68)Between points b and c in the figure above, the opportunity cost of another bushel ofcorn is A)1 yard of cloth. B) 1.25 yards of cloth. C)1.5 yards of cloth.D) 2.5 yards of cloth. 69)Which of the following would NOT allow society to move to point h in the figure above? A)an improvement in technology B)more efficient use of resources of current resources C)an increase in quantity of labor D)an increase in quantity of capital 70)The law of increasing relative costs is due to A)taxes. B)scarcity. C)the fact that it is more difficult to use resources efficiently the more society produces. D)the fact that resources not are perfectly adaptable for alternative uses. 71)If a country’s production possibilities curve gets more bowed out over time, it is an indication that A)technological change has taken place. B)society is learning to use its resources more efficiently. C)the quantity of labor and capital have increased. D)resources have become more highly specialized. 72)If all resources were perfectly adaptable for alternative uses, the production possibilities curve would A)be bowed out. B) be bowed in. C)be a straight line.D) not exist. 73)Economic growth can be pictured in a production possibilities curve diagram by A)making the production possibilities curve more bowed out. B)making the production possibilities curve less bowed out. C)shifting the production possibilities curve out. D)shifting the production possibilities curve in. 74)The opportunity cost of more capital goods today is A) fewer capital goods in the future. B)fewer consumer goods in the future. C)fewer consumer goods today. D)more unemployed resources in the future. 75)Suppose an acre of land yields 100 bushels of corn and that one bushel of corn provides enough seed for one-quarter of an acre of land. The opportunity cost of consuming another bushel of corn today is A)100 bushels of corn next year.B) 25 bushels of corn next year. C)10 bushels of corn next year. D) 2.5 bushels of corn next year. 76)Whenever a society forgoes current consumption to invest in capital goods, A) the less the society can consume next year. B)the easier it will be for the society to consume less in the future because people will become accustomed to less. C)the more the society can consume in the future. D)the less capital the society can produce in the future. 77)Generally, specialization leads to A)constant opportunity costs. B)greater productivity. C)the production of fewer capital goods. D)greater self—reliance. 78)A person has a comparative advantage in an activity whenever she A) has an absolute advantage in the activity. B)can perform the activity at a lower opportunity cost than can another person. C)can do the activity in less time than anyone else. D)can do everything better than anyone else. 79)Comparative advantage is always a(n)concept. A)absoluteB) efficiencyC) relativeD) monetary 80)If you can make $20,000 a year teaching, $25,000 a year typing, $30,000 a year driving a cab, and $40,000 a year as a chef, you have a comparative advantage in A)teaching. B)driving a cab. C)being a chef. D)one of them but we need more information to know which. 81)Division of labor refers to A)dividing tasks up into several subtasks and having one person perform these subtasks in a certain order. B)the separation of hourly workers from salaried workers. C)assigning different workers to different tasks. D)separating union workers from nonunion workers. 82)Division of labor increases the output of society by A)eliminating scarcity. B)reducing the choices people have to make to a more manageable number. C) ensuring that people are happier in performing their work. D)allowing resources to specialize in the tasks for which they have a comparative advantage. 83)Which of the following are considered factors of production? I.Land II.Labor III.Physical capital IV.Entrepreneurship A)I and II only B) I and III only C)I, II and III onlyD) I, II, III and IV 84)In economic terminology, the accumulated training and education that workers receive that increases their productivity is referred to as A)entrepreneurship.B) human capital. C)labor. D) physical capital. 85)The division of productive activities among persons and regions so that no one individual or area is totally self—sufficient is known as A)advantage-taking.B) comparative value. C)specialization.D) out—sourcing. 86)Assume that Economy A and Economy B have the same resources, but that individuals in Economy A have specialized whereas individuals in Economy B have not. Given this information, you can determine that A)Economy A will have a higher output than Economy B. B)Economy A will have a lower output than Economy B. C)Economy A and Economy B will have identical outputs. D)individuals in Economy A will have lower incomes than individuals in Economy 87)When nations specialize in their areas of comparative advantage and then trade with the rest of the world, the result is that A)the average standard of living in the world will go down. B) the average standard of living in the world will go up. C)the world will move from a point on the production possibilities curve to a point inside the curve. D)worldwide economic efficiency will decrease.

Report on time management, SWOT analysis, learning styles and essay and report writing Essay

Report on Time management, SWOT analysis, learning styles and essay and report writing. As requested by Graham Pogson on October 25h 2013. The report is being written for the Borders business program module, professional development planning, to discuss and evaluate the above topics. 2. Findings 3.1 Time Management. Time management is working out how to use ones time, and how, at the same time, to use this time effectively. â€Å"Time management is about making the most of the time that is available, in order to achieve what we think and feel is important.† (Clarke, 1993) There are two different types of time management used within the workplace: rational managerial and too much time management. Rational managerial management of your time means that management of your time at work is completely within your control, whereas too much time management is when management of time becomes too overpowering, leading to a bureaucracy. Taking time management from a personal perspective, understand that we can become better at managing our own time when we take these four things into account: 1 Being aware of the choices we have available 2 Acknowledging the consequences of each choice 3 Taking responsibility and control of ourselves and our decisions 4 Learning from past experiences, and making changes when it comes to future decisions Being aware of the choices we have available means to know what options we have (for example: to study or to go to a bar) and between these choices, be able to choose which best would benefit you â€Å"Cut the crap and dedicate yourself to one thing and one thing only† (Templar, 2005) It is clear that in this situation one is expected to prioritize. â€Å"We wants it. We needs it. Must have the precious† (Jackson, 2002) â€Å"Gollum knew the value of prioritizing. He knew what he wanted – to the exclusion of everything else.† (Templar, 2005) When you begin to acknowledge that you are required to prioritize between these choices, it will become evident that each choice will come with a consequence. Knowing and understanding the consequences, or benefits, of choices can help you make the most of the time you have available. When weighing up the choices, it is advisable that you refer to past experiences to help aid in the decision making processes. â€Å"A career setback can be like a romance gone bad. If you don’t learn from your mistakes, you’re doomed to repeat them† (Richardson, 2009) It can be greatly beneficial to you to practise time management in your personal life using it to create a balance between work and life. There are some tools widely used for doing this, such as planners, diaries and timetables. You can use a timetable to plan out your activities (see appendix 3.1.1.) As you can see the author has carefully planned their week to include everything they think is important to be done within that time frame. You may benefit from completing two tables: the first with what you think you do, the second with what you really do (see appendix 3.1.2.) You will notice here that the author has some changes, some quite significant. It should be noted that, even when planning your time carefully, there will be huge differences in what you actually do with the time you have. These tables however are simple in layout, and can be easily compared to one another for future reference. 3.2 SWOT Analysis A SWOT analysis is a form of situational analysis, which focuses on an organisations or persons: 1 Strengths 2 Weaknesses 3 Opportunities 4 Threats To begin a SWOT analysis it is typical that first of all the internal factors would be reviewed (strengths and weaknesses) and then focus would shift to the external factors (opportunities and threats.) See an example of SWOT analysis in figures 3.2.1 below; 3.2.1 It is clear that there are great advantages of doing a SWOT analysis on a situation, but there are also some very clear disadvantages. â€Å"Analysing the business environment is not a precise science and does not eliminate uncertainty for an organisation, caused, for instance, by unanticipated events which do not follow the normal pattern† (Britton & Worthington, 2003) It goes without saying that any good manager, or economist would not solely rely on the information in a SWOT analysis, and that he/she would be expected to rely upon their intuition. It goes without saying that there are alternatives to using a SWOT analysis, such as the PESTEL analysis, but any good manager would use these in conjunction with each other, rather than have a preference for one over the other. 3.3 Learning Styles The way in which someone prefers to learn or actually picks up information differs from person to person; the different ways in which this is done is termed a learning style. There are, according to advantology.com, seven learning styles; Visual (spatial):You prefer using pictures, images, and spatial understanding. Aural (auditory-musical): You prefer using sound and music. Verbal (linguistic): You prefer using words, both in speech and writing. Physical (kinesthetic): You prefer using your body, hands and sense of touch. Logical (mathematical): You prefer using logic, reasoning and systems. Social (interpersonal): You prefer to learn in groups or with other people. Solitary (intrapersonal): You prefer to work alone and use self-study. (Advantlogy.com, 2013) Taking time to understand your style of learning can help you to implement these into your everyday life. â€Å"A variety of teaching and learning approaches has the potential to enhance the learning and performance for a wider range of adult students† (Hawk & Shah, 2007) The way in which to determine your learning style is to take one (or more) of the readily available learning styles tests. â€Å"The VAK learning styles model suggests that most people can be divided into one of three preferred styles of learning† (Chapman & Chislett, 2005) See an example of the VAK questionnaire (Chapman & Chislett, 2005) in appendix 3.3.1. As you can see, the author has circled the answer which best suits them, they have then worked out which type of learner they are by adding up the number of a, b and c’s they have – the user is an Auditory learner. There are, of course, more than just the VAK questionnaire; there is the newer up to date VARK questionnaire. For an example of the VARK questionnaire (Fleming, 2001-2011)see appendix 3.3.3. As you can see, the author is now classed as being a multi-modal learner. There is also the Honey and Mumford learning styles questionnaire (Honey & Mumford, Honey and Mumford learning styles questionnaire, 2000). See an example of the Honey and Mumford test in appendix 3.3.2. As you can see, this questionnaire is much more detailed and therefore more time consuming! It consists of 80 questions, and as a result of matching the questions and ticks/crosses you can determine whether you are one of the following types of learner: 1 Activist

Western Civilization. The Second World War Essay

Western Civilization. The Second World War - Essay Example In the months and days prior to the war, tension had built up all over the country. As a newly appointed general and having had my father participate in the First World War, I was equally tense and concerned not only about my safety, but that of my squadron as well. When the looming war finally broke, initial orders conveyed to me and other generals expressly instructed us to lead our troops to invade Poland. This was one of the cruellest acts I have ever witnessed because innocent farmers were forced to relinquish their food supply and horses to the soldiers because they were needed for the war effort. Additionally, old people and veterans of the World War were recalled to the battle field. After the first two days, all the generals including me got assigned to diverse tasks meant to ensure that, the war was going as planned. I got the task of assigning the veterans to their specified areas of responsibility. I instructed them to head to the Hellnthal area and protect the border to the west; it was sad, yet challenging to see the old veterans rise up to serve their nation again after diligently doing the same during the previous war. The recalling of veterans and billeting them in the available castles, in Drreibor, was done hurriedly because France and England had declared war on Germany (Cole, Symes, Coffin, and Stacey 520). The weather was getting cold toward the conclusion of the Poland campaign. I remember ordering some young soldiers to replace the veterans in the castles, because the winter had a lot of snow, as well as, frost and some of the old soldiers could not handle the weather. After one year in the war, another campaign was launched and we were ordered to attack Belgium, France, Luxembourg and Holland. This is when we lost one of our planes near a dynamo generator house and the troops had to embark on travelling on railroad tracks. Other than railroads’ development, there was immense improvement of the aircrafts, which contributed to some of the major conquests in the war. The campaign lasted for six weeks and we emerged successful although, sadly, we lost a lot of men on the battle field. In 1941, the Battle of Britain began and this is when I was ordered to direct one thousand planes to raid the British (Cole et al 561). There were more casualties but as a general, one is not supposed to show weakness or pity for the enemy, but I can attest and say that this was the most difficult time in my life. I not only lost comrades, but many civilians died during the attacks as well. Additionally, about two young men were dying every day on the battle field and almost every night there were air raid. This is when I started to see people building shelters in their gardens although there was acute shortage in raw materials. It was a major development, since it showed growing innovation among civilians and it was also indicative of the people’s capacity to optimally utilize resources. It was not until 1944 that we start ed to launch attacks with the help of our allies, but despite our efforts to maintain our dominance over France, Paris got liberated. This is when the attacks got intense and we were losing so many people to the battle. Railroads and tunnels got destroyed and many boys and girls were taken to make the Westwall entrenchment, a highly difficult and perilous task (Cole 603). Even though the situation was deplorable and I did not want to exploit the young children, I had no choice but to follow orders and try to protect the civilians from continued deaths. I was also under immense pressure to guide my squadron in improving our weaponry cache, since the Americans had more civilized war machines. This brought about major improvements in the military.

Managing organisations and change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Managing organisations and change - Essay Example This brings to the fore the importance of managing changes effectively within an organization. The change has to be implemented in such a manner that the complexities and the cost involved with the same get rationalized. For this there is a need of designing an effective workflow process and putting in the best quality practices. Also the framework for the same must be easy to implement.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the biggest challenges which are often faced by the organizations desirous of implementing changes in their organization is the resistance which they face from their employees. The employees are emotionally attached with their organization and workplace. Any changes here are definitely going to affect the morale of the employees and hence they resist changes. As the organization itself is made of employees, it is of utmost importance to take the employees in confidence before implementing any major changes in the organization.   The hospital is facing some problems while implementing these changes. These problems are the result of resistance from workers who are not conversant with the new technologies. Resistance to change in this case has occurred because the people are unable to understand why at all any change is taking place in the organization. The employees have also been found reluctant to move out of their comfort zones. They have this fear of future uncertainties, which might develop after the implementation of changes. There is also a feeling among the employees that these changes have been forcibly enforced on them by the management and they are lamenting about the fact that they have no say in such change management issues. Also the timeframe for such changes is kept short by the management.   To deal with this situation and in order to manage the change effectively, the management of the hospital has decided to provide the best environment to its employees. The following guidelines will be under the adoption of the hospital management

Consumer Protection Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Consumer Protection - Assignment Example This rule does not aim at shielding sellers who involve themselves in bad faith or fraudulent dealings by misleading, or false representations concerning the condition or quality of certain goods. It merely suggests that a buyer must judge, examine and test a good considered for buying. The current trend in laws protecting customers has reduced the efficiency of this rule. Even though, the consumer is still obligated to inspect goods upon buying them, the seller is being given more responsibilities, and the caveat venditor principle meaning "let the seller beware" has now become extremely prevalent. There exists a legal presumption whereby a seller should make some warranties, not unless in cases where the seller and the buyer agree otherwise (Devenney, & Kenny, 2011). A seller who does the business of often selling a certain product has greater responsibilities in relating with any average consumer. By using the term "as is" the seller did limit his liability against the buyer. As o f the doctrine of caveat emptor, the buyer of the car was not in a position to claim damages he incurred when he got injured from the brake failure from the seller. Question 2 Puffery refers to claims and promotional statements that instead of expressing objective views, they express subjective views and no "reasonable person" can take these views literally. Puffery mostly appears in testimonials, and it puffs up the image of the thing under description. Puffery is utilized in product promotion with an aim of making the product extra appealing by using bombastic, subjective, and hard to prove claims. Several people have claimed that some organizations easily cross the boundary differentiating puffery from other misleading claims. In many countries, there are laws that permit organizations to involve puffery; this differentiates mere puffery from real factual claims that would result in misleading a consumer (Cseres, 2005). What mainly distinguishes a puffery is the fact that it is n ot considered seriously by consumers. When doing product evaluations in order to whether to purchase or not to buy a product, consumers are always aware that the claim is never literal. The Federal Trade Commission monitors misleading and deceptive advertising, although puffery is not considered to be against the law. The FTC claims that consumers should be aware of these statements, and they should not take the exaggeration seriously (Winn, 2006). For instance, if a soda industry advertises a â€Å"healthy† product, lawyers can enquire if customers should interpret that to say the soda is healthier compared to other related products or to mean the soda is good for their health. If such a claim happens to be puffery, customers interpret it to mean the soda is healthier compared to its competitors, but if it happens to be a misleading claim, customers may interpret that the soda has health benefits. FTC can step in to take a suitable action whenever there is no adequate proof to back up a puffery (Devenney, & Kenny, 2011). Question 3 Identity theft results when individuals better known as fraudsters get access to sufficient details about another person’s identity to carry out identity fraud and other crimes. Personal information may include the victim’s date of birth, their identifying number, their name, their credit card number, and their previous or current addresses. Identity theft can happen regardless of the fraud victim being

Select one picture and talk about 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Select one picture and talk about 2 - Essay Example David Park used figurative art to express his concepts in the picture (Jones 1). The thesis statement: the discussion of Ethiopia (1959) is a quest to discover if the piece of work is an object of novelty or objective style? From the aspect of composition, the picture occupies the entire space on the canvas. The figures in the painting are a full size that represents images of grown-up adults. The background consists of different colors that reflect on the images and also compliment them. Looking at the position of their hands and legs, it is clear that there is no movement, they are just standing. The woman at a distance has one hand on her head that may imply that the occurrence is difficult to understand. From the facial expression of the four images, it seems like two people are conversing while the other two are listening. The woman is discussing an issue with the male because the two figures in the front are facing each other. This aspect also shows the difference in the position of the four images; that is the one not displaying the entire body are close, and the ones that are full exhibited are at a distance. David Park has arranged the four images at a different position on the canvas to give m ore attention to the closer images that seem to be the center of his art. Moreover, the figures can be viewed from different angles that make the painting unique. The images are easy to interpret because one can tell the sexes of the individuals and that they are naked. Particular features highlighted in the painting are used to determine the correct sex of the figures. Paying a little attention to the color used on the figures, the woman speaking has a different tone from the others. It can be translated to make her stand out in the piece of art. Analyzing the picture one can conclude that the individuals involved were not civilized because they had no clothes. From the painting style point of view, the brush work is rough because the images do not have

Human Resource Management Discussions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human Resource Management Discussions - Essay Example The ability to resolve conflicts effectively is an important attribute of successful business leaders and human resource functions (Fleishman, 2009). In all conflict resolution approaches, dialogue has often been described as the best approach to reconcile warring parties, just as in the case of the writers guild of the United States and media owners. During discussions between the WGA and the producers, the former were said not to be bargaining in good faith, this meant that they were not being open in their communication. In addition, failing to bargain in good faith meant that they were not being reasonable and serious on meeting reasonable grounds. In support of this claim, the producers pointed to a time when the WGA members had left the negotiating room after only an hour of its commencement. In addition, they had failed to honor dialogue meetings that had been set to discuss major issues. The claims made by the producers were enough to support their claim since the directors of WGA finally solved the stalemate after further interventions. After failing to reach viable solution, the WGA did eventually strike, in fighting back, the producers would have decided to make away with the work of the WGA and did their business independently or other willing business partners. This would have been a good retaliatory step; however, the results would not have been in the best business interests for both parties. In the approach, the WGA decided to remain silent in the negotiating forums; to this effect, the producers claimed that the WGA had decided to play silence. This is the reason why in all the six meetings that were held, the producers had failed to reach any meaningful agreements. This conflict, like that of the Autoworkers or Teamsters unions against auto and trucking companies is different, this is because, the producers and the WGA are people depending on each other directly. The failure of one party to reach a meaningful agreement is

Mans Search for Meaning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Mans Search for Meaning - Essay Example This book revealed what human beings are capable of (when) placed under enormous strain and are forced to deal with circumstances most people never have to endure. I believe that under normal circumstances these individuals would have felt that they had certain limitations on their abilities in dealing with difficult circumstances such as these, until they were placed in a situation where their actions depended on their very existence and survival. I found it fascinating that these prisoners had different ways of dealing with their life altering events. They took notice of the beauty of the land around them, they admired the sunset. They gazed at nature as if it were a piece of art.(could you recombine these three sentences into one, better flowing sentence) Humor was another way they would get through their difficult days. The prisoners would often discuss rumors about the military actions taking place. Although these were mostly rumor it gave them hope and a reason for not giving u p. Some of them turned to religion as a way to cope with their difficult days as prisoners. ... These individuals repeatedly beat the prisoners and treated them as inferior in an effort to gain the trust of their captors in return for preferential treatment. They would try anything to help them forget their current circumstances. At one point in the book the author mentioned that the man sleeping next to him was having a nightmare. He thought about attempting to wake him but decided that any nightmare could never be worse than the reality so he let him sleep. This statement was really made me understand the difficulties these men faced on a daily basis. It would have been very easy for many of these prisoners to end their lives and stop the pain, but the desire to survive in hopes that they would be liberated overrode and(is this the word you want) desire to do so. The horrors that these individuals witnessed in a normal society were appalling. It is interesting of how the human mind works and these atrocities actually became an everyday part of life. When individuals died they would take their possessions in an attempt to upgrade their clothing, shoes. (do you think you could clean this paragraph up a little bit) The guards did everything they could to break the spirits of every individual imprisoned in these camps. They did not refer to them by name, only by the numbers tattooed on their bodied and sewn into their clothes. The German soldiers took all possessions away and beat and tortured them in an effort to make them feel sub-human. The soldiers also referred to them as pigs which this was another means of de-humanizing them. The author mentioned the times when they would have to make decisions that may decide your(their) fate. One example was when he had to make a decision to either stay at the camp where he was located or join others

Analyzes of Richard Aldrich, Untitled and Tomma Abts, Fewe Essay

Analyzes of Richard Aldrich, Untitled and Tomma Abts, Fewe - Essay Example The essay "Analyzes of Richard Aldrich, Untitled and Tomma Abts, Fewe" discovers that two paintings. In terms of specific application of colors of painting by Pichard Aldrich to convey formal meaning there are a number of differing components. The bottom part of the work is covered in red with two yellow doors. The doors seem to function as an entranceway into a house. Still, there is the recognition that the abstract nature of the work is such that attributing a specific formal assumption to this doors is difficult. As one considers the middle part of the work there is the recognition that the artist is seemingly attempting to depict windows. In this way three grey rectangles are featured directly in the center of the picture. While the formal elements of these rectangles can potentially depict windows they additionally could be viewed as representing eyes. There then occurs an overarching meditation on the nature of shape as embodying formal qualities of expression. Another signifi cant formal quality of the work is the walls that seemingly form a house-like structure surrounding the earlier described elements. While walls outline the lower portions of the structure, there are also strong vertical lines that extend into the upper right portions of the image. These strong lines are accompanied by more rectangles and squares. In this way the artist is seemingly breaking the earlier pattern of a home structure and again meditating on the expressive potential of lines and shapes.

Film Genre Essay Example for Free

Film Genre Essay â€Å"Words have no power to impress the mind without the exquisite horror of their reality†. Popular fascination with shock, horror and psychological thriller genre has been situated at an ultimate high, with school students wanting to learn about these popular genres. From watching videos and reading books from these exquisite genres, students receive various in site from the different eras and how those particular eras were controlled. Throughout the range of poetic genres each author has their own way of express feelings, protruding language techniques and helps show and feels emotions. Authors who illustrate genres in a particular way should be a part of the English curriculum, for the way they display the particular genres and help students understand the nature of fear, guilt and human conscience. Particular language techniques are used in shock, horror and psychological thriller genres. The language techniques have changed intensely over the years and this is due to how lifestyles are controlled and how woman and men portray themselves to each other. The differences between sentences from today society and society from years ago have changed dramatically. A sentence from ‘Macbeth,† Wherefore was that cry†. Today’s society â€Å"what was that noise or where did that noise come from†. Another quote from Edgar Allan Poe shows that the sentence structure were simple but complex and had intended to mean so much through such little words, â€Å"We loved with a love that was more than love.† Sentence from Authors who lived in different eras are interesting to study because we received a brilliant in site to how the language techniques were portrayed to being simple but complex. With the evidence provided, it is easy to see that Authors from different eras have much better language techniques. From directors, narrators, author and actor, in their plays, movies and shows a high variety on universal themes are shown. A universal theme is human emotions that the audience can relate to throughout the play, movie or show. A universal theme is themes were the actor or character is feeling sad, happy, angry or betrayed. Universal themes are defiantly very important for a student to learn about, and understand these different terms. These themes are used to interact with the audience and make the audience involved and when using universal themes in a scene it helps the audience interact  with that particular scene and helps the audience feel apart. Thirdly, students in today’s society are more engaging in English themes that they are wanting to learn about or what they enjoy learning about. With shock, Horror and the Psychological thriller genre at high demands and statistics say that these 3 genres are the most demanded genres in the world. With Shock, horror and psychological thriller genre being taught in schools, will most likely make school students engage in the Lesson more because they want to actually learn and be involved in the lesson. The final criterion is the difference in shock, horror and psychological thriller genre to now and 100 years ago has changed dramatically. These genres a long time ago were about simple fighting, simple killing, blood and guts. And in this century these genres mean people playing sick mind games and torturing, ghosts, demons, spirits, haunted houses, more in depth gory scenes and lots more. It is very important for students to learn about the difference in these genres and to compare them together they have changed a lot. School students today learn a lot from shock, horror and psychological thriller genre. The students learn a lot from particular language techniques, universal themes and how these particular genres have changed and evolved over time. If the Queensland censorship board considers banning these genres, they are taking a lot away about history that students need to learn about and are essential to the English learning curriculum.

What Makes Subcultures Deviant Cultural Studies Essay

What Makes Subcultures Deviant Cultural Studies Essay This paper will look to answer the question What are subcultures and what makes them deviant? It will then go on to examine and explore how subcultures became apparent and give descriptions of two different subcultures within society (specifically Punk and Rave). To conclude there will be a brief discussion regarding the specific subcultures, their members and the culture they belong to. In order to assess these subcultures it is first only right to define what a subculture is. The definition given by Dictionary of Sociology, Abercrombie (et al) states a subculture is A system of values, attitudes, modes of behaviour and lifestyles of a social group within a largerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦society or organisationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Most commonly applied to deviant or youth cultures that develop a culture opposed to the dominant culture. Hall et al (1976) started to examine why and how young members of society felt the need to form groups.   Youth is a relatively new term for Britain, as it only really came into existence after the Second World War. Children were no longer sent straight out to work and the emphasis moved more from work to play and growing up with ease, Youth appeared as an emergent category in post-war Britain, one of the most striking and visible manifestations of social change in the period (Hall et al 1976,). Prior to World War 2 there was always a strong ideology, a way of life to which everyone conformed. They held similar values and common goals. The emergence of subcultures challenged this. The majority of subcultures can usually be defined by specific music, with the exception of few, such as football hooliganism. The subcultures explored below can predominantly be distinguished by their music. It would be fair to assume that both the subcultures explored will have had some impact on todays university students. Either their own lives or the lives of their parents surely have been influenced by one of these subcultures. Punks In order to grasp what the punk subculture consists of it is imperative to understand where punk came from and the history surrounding it, as well as how its followers dressed, their ideals, music tastes and attitudes. There are different types of punk examples being Anarocho punk and Oi! Punk. The Punk philosophy addressed many issues including individualism, anti-authoritarianism, political anarchism, and free thought amongst others. Punk was embraced by individuals usually ranging in age from the late teen years to mid or late twenties. Punks can be perceived as members of a deviant subculture due to many factors, for example their musical tastes, dress sense and political views to name but a few. Each of these issues are to be raised in their own right, below. Within the United Kingdom (UK) the punk scene emerged in the late 1970s. As punk was somewhat of an underground movement it is impossible to state when it arrived in the UK. Cahill (1988) states that most would agree that it was sometime in 1975, Britain was suffering from a recession at the time, and in times of extreme hardship, people look for an outlet to their anger Punk gave way for young people to make their frustrations known. They Angela-Marie Gibson had just gone through times of economic decline, so un-employment was rife; add to this the normal feelings that people of this age experience, punk seemed the answer. Marsh (1977) termed Punk dole queue rock. Punk saw bands such as the Clash, The Sex Pistols and The Ramones emerging into British society. Music of this kind was often very anti or intolerant in its lyrics for example regarding parents or notions of love. Then there are other types of music to consider such as the Jam and Sham 69. The Jam are not immediately thought of as an Oi! band, but their lyrics contain political themes which is also applicable to many bands of the genre. The members of the typical punk subculture made their allegiance clear in the way the dressed. A typical punk could be seen sporting light jeans, leather jackets, Doc Martins, ripped t-shirts and, maybe, their dyed hair (some punks associated with Neo-Nazi movements had skin heads). It could be argued that the social class of the people who made up the punk subculture were generally working class, but it has to be considered that punk also consisted of a minority of middle class students who simply enjoyed the punk look, but did not conform to all its trappings. The members of the punk sub culture in Britain are predominantly white. The word punk often goes hand in hand political views. Not all punks developed the same political standing but it should be mentioned that views such as anarchy and neo-Nazism are attached to the punk subculture. The National Front picked up such punk movements as Oi! and tried to use punk to their own advantage. One must mention musical influences such as Skrewdriver, whos lead singer Ian Stewart Donaldson was instrumental in setting up Blood Honour the activist movement widely linked with the National Front. Punks could be seen as quite confused individuals as they wore clothing depicting the Union Jack, yet they sang along with The Sex Pistols and their lyrics of anarchy in the British society it was an alien essence, a foreign body which implicitly threatened mainstream British culture from within and as such it resonated with punks adopted values anarchy, surrender and decline' (Hebdige, 1979, p64) Rave The rave subculture seems to be different to punk in the fact that its follows do not seem to be constrained by social class or political view points. Rave sprang to life and made its way from Ibiza to Britain in the late 1980s and early 1990s.. It is termed by the Guardian newspaper as The fight for the right to party. Initially no one from this subculture was against any figures of authority; they basically wanted to experience a good time with their peers in an environment that had never been experienced before. This did however bring with it violence between the Police and the ravers Collin (1997) is quoted as saying rave is the most spectacular and enduring British youth movement of the twentieth century. The origins of rave can be traced back to the United States of America and the gay clubs in Chicago in the form of House music. Firstly it is imperative to ascertain what it is we are examining. Initially this paper will look at the clothes, attitudes and beliefs of the members of the rave subculture as well as the history that surrounds it. This specific subculture is closely connected with illegal drug taking and (initially) illegal venues where young people could join together to dance, party and take drugs. The countries licensing laws at this time where such that traditional nightclubs closed at 1 or 2 am. The members of the rave community wanted to party on into the night, hence the venues that hosted these events being illegal. It could be argued that the term rave was first seen in Britain in the 1950s and was seen again briefly with the Mods. However, it was the illegal warehouse parties that gave rave the reputation it possessed in the early to mid 1990s. Rave appeared whilst Britain was approaching a state of great consumer spending and the short housing boom of the late 80s was underway. In Government Margaret Thatcher was striving to ensure the British public got her strong messages regarding a capitalist society. She was attempting to portray her vision of every man being responsible for himself, On the 23rd September 1987 she was famously quoted as saying there is no such thing as society www.margaretthatcher.org. The followers of rave could be spotted in their unique clothing attire. This mainly consisted of layered clothing (which could easily be removed once they get hot), young childrens dummies, glo-sticks, whistles and smiley faced t-shirts. The males can be seen sporting tracksuits or baggy jeans whilst the females took to wearing bikinis and short neon coloured dresses. They often related everyday things to drug abuse and depicted this on their clothing. Slogans such as Can I have an E please Bob? were printed on t-shirts. They showed Bob Holness (famous for his long reign as host of blockbuster)  holding an ecstasy tablet. It is argued that at most, if not all gatherings that this subculture attended illegal drugs would be rife predominantly ecstasy, amphetamine, cocaine or LSD. In 1994 the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act was passed. This Act was influenced directly by the events at Castlemorton, where an estimated 40,000 revellers spent a week partying at an event held at the common. Castlemorton was the final nail in the coffin of the unlicensed event (South, 1999) The Act specifically defines music to include sounds wholly or predominantly characterised by the emission of a succession of repetitive beats. This gave greater powers to the Police to act upon raves. The most publicised changes in the Act are Sections 34-39, 54-59 and 60. These changes gave the Police the power to stop an outside gathering of more than 100 people. There was highly publicised conflict in the late 1980s between Police and members of the rave subculture. This, coupled with the knowledge that ravers embraced illegal substances would lead many to think that the followers of rave have little or no respect for the police or the law. Over 60,000 youths marched against the Criminal Justice Bill changes. They were all not from the rave subculture, but they all had the common belief that the changes were not just. The views of the rave sub culture may be seen as polar opposites to that of punk. Followers of rave put emphasis on peace, love, openess, unity and respect for each other. This is argued to be down to the effects of the drugs the ravers participate in. The rave subculture has moved on vastly since the early 1990s. The rave subculture now takes place in most towns and cities every weekend in legitimate venues that adhere to licencing laws. It is now called club culture and is part of everyday life for many. The members may have adapted their clothing to more mainstream atire. It could also be said that it is the rave subculture that has normalised drug use once again for the youth of Britian. It has certianly brought illegal drugs to the forefront. Faces such as that of Leah Betts will be engrained on the minds of many British citizens, predominantly those is their 30s. To quote Cohen (1972) deviance is created by societyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ social groups create deviance by making the rules whose infraction constitutes deviance and by applying those rules to particular persons and labelling them as outsiders. So, if a person does not share the same morals and belief systems as the majority that then makes them deviant, therefore they have no option but to seek solace in the arms of a subculture. Looking at these subcultures I conclude that it could be argued they were influenced by the rising number of family breakdowns. Could it be that the youth of these eras were looking for a sense of belonging, and the rave and punk subculture gave them what they craved? The leader of the country at the time (Margaret Thatcher) was thought to be trying to in still into the British people that society was not important maybe subcultures fulfilled its followers with a sense of belonging and security? If the people were being lead to believe that wider society was not as important as it had been then can a subculture really exist, as there is no common goal or majority rule. It also must be pointed out that with the vast amount of media coverage both of these subcultures received from the newspapers and television it could also be argued that they were the norm they had so much coverage that to attach a deviant label to them is wrong. Maybe due to the fact that we have only seen these deviations from the norm over a relatively short period of time (Post World War 2) it is still inconceivable to some members of society that freedom to express ourselves should be embraced, not shunned?

Life of Pi :: essays research papers

Life of Pi Pi Patel is on a ship to a whole new world. He’s leaving his whole world behind except the zoo, it‘s on board with him. When awoken by a sound, Pi goes to explore. He finds that the ship is sinking and before he can wake his family he is thrown into a lifeboat. A zebra falls into the lifeboat, breaking its leg. Without truly realizing what he is doing, Pi helps Richard Parker onto the lifeboat. Then he realizes, he is on a lifeboat with a 450 pound Bengal tiger. Pi builds a raft out of oars and life jackets so that he can stay a safe distance from the lifeboat. The lifeboat doesn’t seem to have the tiger on it at all. Just a zebra and a hyena and orangutan. The hyena attacks both zebra and orangutan and then the tiger appears. He is sleek and quiet about his approach. None the less, Pi Patel is now alone on a lifeboat with Richard Parker. He wonders how he will survive with a tiger. Pi decides that it would be best to keep the tiger alive, to act as the alpha. He trains Richard Parker to understand which space belongs to who. Pi uses a solar power water filter for fresh water and fishes for food. He feeds himself and the tiger. This keeps them at more of a alpha relationship because Richard Parker knows where his food and water come from. When there is no fish to caught and no more supplies, the only option is to starve for that day. Finally, Pi and Richard Parker land on an island. It is a very mysterious place. The trees seem to grow straight out of the algae and the meerkats do no seem to be afraid of anything. There are fresh water ponds and for some reason Richard Parker always returns to the lifeboat at night to sleep. Pi finds out the algae is acidic and that’s why Richard Parker sleeps in the boat at night.

Victim Mentality :: Social Issues, Abuse

What does it mean to be a victim? Is there a certain type of victim or is being a victim universal? When I think about a victim, I think about family abuse, rape, incest, tempted murder victims and etc. There are many kinds of victims because a victim is when a person is hurt by another in a malicious way. Victims are not all of a certain race; it can affect anybody regardless of their race, religion, or their social classes. When a person is being victimize, that are they truly think in their mind. What are the aftereffects of the mind and body after such an assault whether they were physically, emotionally or verbal abuse. Every child involved in family abuse has a different thought process as opposed to the child across the street withstanding the same abuse. What makes a child not cry for help when they have to constantly on a daily basis endure such maltreatment? What is going through their minds? A child might not report family abuse because they are afraid that their parent will go to jail (Stark, 1989). In their minds they believe that if either the mother or father leaves, that they will never be loved again. Someone might think that the child would know better to identify what parental love truly is but in their minds, their parents are the only ones in their world that can love and nurture them. Children in family abuse also believe that they are the only ones going through the abuse therefore they feel lonely and that no one can comprehend what they are living through. Children might also not tell an adult about the abuse in their homes because they are embarrassed to admit that there is a problem (Stark, 1989).They are ashamed because they think they are the only ones going through this or they might believe that it normal for a parent to hurt them because a parent knows best (Stark, 1989). The child may think that they deserve the abuse because they probably did something bad. Why would children believe that they deserve such abuse? In our society, it is commonly known that the parents do what is in the best interest of the child. And so a child believes that it okay because a parent knows best. â€Å"Emotional abuse can ruin a child’s self-esteem because he or she may grow to believe that the parent’s insults are true (Stark .

Myopia In Asian Countries Health And Social Care Essay

Vision consequences from entryway of visible radiation into the oculus and the reading of this stimulation by the encephalon. For a normal oculus, visible radiation is focused to a topographic point on the retina. This message would so be sent to the encephalon to be interpreted as a message. Ocular sharp-sightedness is defined as the lucidity or acuteness of vision, which is the ability of the oculus to see and separate mulct inside informations. [ 1 ] . The cornea is the most powerful refracting surface of the optical system of the oculus, accounting for two-thirds of the oculus ‘s focusing power. Production of a crisp image at the retinal receptors requires corneal transparence and appropriate refractile power. The refractile power of the cornea depends on its curvature and the difference in refractile indexes between it and air [ 9 ] . Refractive mistakes occur when the curve of the cornea is irregularly shaped ( excessively steep or excessively level ) . When the cornea is of normal form and curvature, it bends, or refracts, visible radiation on the retina with preciseness. However, when the curve of the cornea is irregularly shaped, the cornea bends light amiss on the retina.A [ 15 ] When the cornea is curved excessively much, or if the oculus is excessively long, far-off objects will look blurry because they are focused in forepart of the retina. This is called nearsightedness, or nearsightedness. Hyperopia, or presbyopia, is the antonym of nearsightedness. Distant objects are clear, and close-up objects appear blurry. With hypermetropia, images focus on a point beyond the retina. Hyperopia consequences from an oculus that is excessively short. Astigmatism is a status in which the uneven curvature of the cornea fuzzs and distorts both distant and close objects. A normal cornea is round, with even curves from side to side and exceed to bottom. With astigmia, the cornea is curved more in one way than in another. This causes light beams to hold more than one focal point and concentrate on two separate countries of the retina, falsifying the ocular image. [ 15 ] Measurement of corneal curvature/power can be performed with a assortment of instruments, most normally aA keratometer, A IOLMaster, orA corneal topographyA device. Corneal curvature is normally used forA IOLA computations and cornealA refractile surgery. It is besides helpful for contact lens fitting and observing irregular astigmia. [ 5 ] The primary purpose of this survey is to look into the relationship between corneal curvature and grade of refractile mistake among emmetropic and myopic immature population in Malaysia and to find the standard value of corneal curvature of immature population.1.2 Research inquiryQuestion 1: Does corneal curvature vary significantly with different province of refractile mistake? Question 2: What are the scope of readings of corneal curvature of emmetropic and myopic immature topics? Question 3: Is there any different between horizontal and perpendicular curvature of the cornea?1.3 Aims of the survey1.3.1 General aimThe general aim of this survey is to look into the relationship between corneal curvature and refractile position among emmetropic and myopic immature patients in IIUM Kuantan Campus.1.3.2 Specific aimsTo find whether corneal curvature varies significantly with refractile mistake. To compare the readings of corneal curvature between emmetropic and myopic immature topics. To place the normal scope of corneal curvature for emmetropic and myopic immature topics. To place whether there is any different between horizontal and perpendicular curvature of the cornea. To look into the function of corneal curvature in refractile province among Malayan population.Hypothesis of the surveyThere is no important relationship between corneal curvature and refractile position.Chapter 2LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 Prevalence of nearsightedness in Asiatic statesNational Eye Survey done in Malaysia [ 2,3 ] found the prevalence of ocular damage was 2.7 % . The prevalence was higher in rural countries ( 2.9 % ) as compared to urban countries ( 2.5 % ) . The prevalence of ocular damage in rural population in Selangor has been reported to change from 5.6 % to 18.9 % in which they found that among the patients go toing the Eye Clinic at University Malaya Medical Centre, the most common cause of ocular damage in kids was refractile mistakes, whereas in aged patient ocular damage is due to cataract, glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy. [ 4 ] Myopia is a common cause for ocular damage among immature population in Asia. Estimates of the proportion of nearsightedness in the immature population in Asia ranged from 30 % to 65 % ( Saw et al. 1996 ; Chow et al. 1990 ) , and the prevalence was found to be greater among Chinese people ( Wensor et al. 1999 ; Sperduto et Al. 1983 ) . In Malaysia, the prevalence of nearsightedness found among Malay, Chinese and Indian schoolchildren was 47 % , 20 % and 19.4 % severally ( Garner et al.1990 ; Chung et Al. 1995 ; Saadah et Al. 2002 ) . With the increasing rates of nearsightedness, orthokeratology and refractile surgery such as LASIK, has become rather popular in Asia. When set abouting such processs to rectify nearsightedness, corneal curvature is an of import consideration in order to forestall the cornea from going excessively level after the intervention. [ 6 ]2.2 The importance of corneal curvatureCorneal curvature is normally used forA IOLA computations and cornealA refractile sur gery. It is besides helpful for contact lens fitting and observing irregular astigmia ( Friedman, 2009 ) . Measurements of cardinal and peripheral corneal curvature are utile for naming and supervising corneal conditions such as keratoconus and for supervising corneal form following optic surgery6-10 or refractile processs such as orthokeratology. [ 13 ] Liu Z. , Pflugfelder SC, ( 2000 ) studied on the effects of long-run contact lens wear on corneal thickness, curvature, and surface regularity. They found that the corneal curvature, maximal keratometry ( Max K ) and minimal keratometry ( Min K ) readings, were significantly steeper in eyes have oning contact lenses than normal eyes ( PA & lt ; 0.01 for Max K and Min K measured by both instruments ) .In foregrounding the importance of corneal curvature in IOL computations, Schena LB ( 2008 ) cited from Dr. Majmudar, in patients who have non undergone old surgery, the value at the centre of the cornea is approximately the same as the value at 3.2 millimetres ( based on keratometer measurings ) . However, patients who have undergone LASIK or PRK can hold altered corneas, and the value at the cardinal cornea, which is the end of measuring, may be really different from that at 3.2 millimetres. Consequently, if testers merely rely on the topography, they may be off, and for every 1 dioptr e off in mensurating the corneal curvature, a approximately 1 dioptre misreckoning will ensue for the patient ‘s refractile result. [ 11 ]Besides that, keratometry plays a critical function in the truth of IOL power computation by observing and mensurating astigmia by finding the steepest and flattest acmes of the corneal surface.A [ 16 ]Keratometry plays a critical function in the truth of IOL power computation, observing and mensurating astigmia by finding the steepest and flattest acmes of the corneal surface.A Keratometry plays a critical function in the truth of IOL power computation, observing and mensurating astigmia by finding the steepest and flattest acmes of the corneal surface.A Keratometry plays a critical function in the truth of IOL power computation, observing and mensurating astigmia by finding the steepest and flattest acmes of the corneal surface.A Keratometry plays a critical function in the truth of IOL power computation, observing and mensurating astigmia by finding the steepest and flattest acmes of the corneal surface.A Dr. Majmudar explained that keratometers measure the curvature of the anterior surface about 3.2 millimeter from the centre of the cornea. â€Å" In patients who have non undergone old surgery, the value at the centre of the cornea is approximately the same as the value at 3.2 millimetres, † he said. â€Å" However, patients who have undergone LASIK or PRK can hold altered corneas, and the value at the cardinal cornea, which is the end of measuring, may be really different from that at 3.2 millimetres. Consequently, if you merely trust on the topography, you may be off, and for every 1 dioptre you are away in mensurating the corneal curvature, a approximately 1 dioptre misreckoning will ensue for the patient ‘s refractile outcome. † Dr. Majmudar explained that keratometers measure the curvature of the anterior surface about 3.2 millimeter from the centre of the cornea. â€Å" In patients who ha ve non undergone old surgery, the value at the centre of the cornea is approximately the same as the value at 3.2 millimetres, † he said. â€Å" However, patients who have undergone LASIK or PRK can hold altered corneas, and the value at the cardinal cornea, which is the end of measuring, may be really different from that at 3.2 millimetres. Consequently, if you merely trust on the topography, you may be off, and for every 1 dioptre you are away in mensurating the corneal curvature, a approximately 1 dioptre misreckoning will ensue for the patient ‘s refractile outcome. † Dr. Majmudar explained that keratometers measure the curvature of the anterior surface about 3.2 millimeter from the centre of the cornea. â€Å" In patients who have non undergone old surgery, the value at the centre of the cornea is approximately the same as the value at 3.2 millimetres, † he said. â€Å" However, patients who have undergone LASIK or PRK can hold altered corneas, and th e value at the cardinal cornea, which is the end of measuring, may be really different from that at 3.2 millimetres. Consequently, if you merely trust on the topography, you may be off, and for every 1 dioptre you are away in mensurating the corneal curvature, a approximately 1 dioptre misreckoning will ensue for the patient ‘s refractile outcome. † Dr. Majmudar explained that keratometers measure the curvature of the anterior surface about 3.2 millimeter from the centre of the cornea. â€Å" In patients who have non undergone old surgery, the value at the centre of the cornea is approximately the same as the value at 3.2 millimetres, † he said. â€Å" However, patients who have undergone LASIK or PRK can hold altered corneas, and the value at the cardinal cornea, which is the end of measuring, may be really different from that at 3.2 millimetres. Consequently, if you merely trust on the topography, you may be off, and for every 1 dioptre you are away in mensurat ing the corneal curvature, a approximately 1 dioptre misreckoning will ensue for the patient ‘s refractile outcome. † Dr. Majmudar explained that keratometers measure the curvature of the anterior surface about 3.2 millimeter from the centre of the cornea. â€Å" In patients who have non undergone old surgery, the value at the centre of the cornea is approximately the same as the value at 3.2 millimetres, † he said. â€Å" However, patients who have undergone LASIK or PRK can hold altered corneas, and the value at the cardinal cornea, which is the end of measuring, may be really different from that at 3.2 millimetres. Consequently, if you merely trust on the topography, you may be off, and for every 1 dioptre you are away in mensurating the corneal curvature, a approximately 1 dioptre misreckoning will ensue for the patient ‘s refractile result. â€Å" Top of Form Bariah et Al. ( 2009 ) suggested that every demographic has a different norm and scope of corneal curvature values and its relationship to the grade of nearsightedness among normal population.2.3 Corneal curvature in hyperope, emmetrope and myopeIn research by Bariah et Al. ( 2009 ) , consequences from keratometer measuring indicated that the mean of corneal curvature for the all myopic immature topics was 7.74 A ± 0.52 millimeter, with 7.87 A ± 0.28 millimeter for Chinese topics and 7.60 A ± 0.66 millimeter for Malays. In survey by Mainstone JC et Al ( 2010 ) , the correlativity between corneal radius of curvature and spherical equivalent refractile mistake was non statistically important ( r2 = 0.038, p =0.2609 ) . A antecedently study by Carney LG et Al. showed that there is a inclination for the cornea to flatten less quickly in the fringe with increasing nearsightedness. This suggests that there are corneal form alterations that occur in nearsighted eyes, possibly as a consequence of unnatural optic growing, that are non seen in hypermetropic eyes because a different mechanism of refractile mistake development operates in this latter group. However, a research by Bariah et Al ( 2009 ) with average refractile mistake in spherical equivalent was -3.50 A ± 2.10 DS, they found that there is hapless correlativities between myopic refractile mistake and corneal curvature ( r = 0.246, P & gt ; 0.05 ) . On the other manus, a recent survey by Iyamu E et Al. ( 2010 ) on a Nigerian population found that there was a important positive correlativity between corneal curvature and spherical tantamount refraction. ANOVA showed that the difference in average corneal curvature across the refractile position groups was statistically important ( F = 27.9, df = 2, 67, P & lt ; 0.0001 ) . Post hoc trial with Fisher ‘s LSD showed that myopes had steeper corneas than the other two groups ( steeper by 0.27 millimeters than that of hyperopes, and 0.28 millimeter than that of emmetropes ) . The additive arrested development theoretical account is represented by: CRC = 7.853 + 0.069SER. From the equation it can be predicted that for every 1.00D addition in nearsightedness, the cornea is steepened by about 0.07 millimeters.2.4 Measuring corneal curvature utilizing PentacamA ®The Pentacam has become a popular clinical device for measuring the anterior section of the oculus since its launch in 200 4. It contains a Scheimpflug camera that rotates through 360 grades and captures 25 or 50 Scheimpflug slit images within two seconds. Each image shows a cross-section of the cornea and the anterior section. The images contain 500 informations points and up to 25,000 points ( 50 slits A? 500 informations points ) are measured to assorted parametric quantities and to build a 3-dimensional cornea. The Pentacam is capable of mensurating topographic corneal thickness, anterior and posterior corneal topography, anterior chamber deepness and angle and corneal aberrances. It besides provides parametric quantities such as corneal volume and keratometric power difference, which offer new and proficient analyses of the cornea, severally. [ 13 ] For historical grounds, most Placido topographers and keratometers use the refractile index of 1.3375 for the refractile power of the cornea. This refractile index is really wrong even for the untreated oculus ( n~1,332 ) and assumes a changeless ratio between the front tooth and posterior curvature of the cornea. As many IOL power computation expressions use the wrong ‘K-reading ‘ straight an empirical rectification is needed in the terminal to set the correct IOL power in these expressions even in normal instances. [ 12 ] In a survey by Chen D. et Al, the Pentacam system was shown to be extremely dependable in the Sim K measurings, at both the front tooth and posterior corneal surfaces ( Cronbach ‘s alpha trial, I ± a†°? 0.990 ; intraclass correlativity coefficient, ICC a†°? 0.972 ) . The Orbscan is another normally used corneal topographer. It is based on a intercrossed system integrating both the Placido phonograph record and scanning slit rules. Similar to the Pentacam, the Orbscan is non-invasive, simple to utilize and quick, nevertheless, old surveies found the Orbscan to hold questionable public presentation in topographic pachymetry and in the rating of anterior21 and posterior corneal curvatures. [ 14 ]Chapter 3MATERIALS AND METHODSStudy countryLocation of survey is at Clinic of Optometry International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan.3.2 Study designThe survey is an experimental case-control survey. The parametric quantities for the collected informations will be performed on both eyes. Data will be collected from each topic on a individual visit.3.3 Subject of the survey3.3.1 Sampling of the surveySampling of the survey is convenient trying. Subjects who fulfilled the inclusion standards for the survey are invited to take part in the survey.Sample si zeThe sample size will be based on the survey by Bariah et Al ( 2009 ) â€Å" Corneal Thickness and Curvature of One Sample of Young Myopic Population in Malaysia † where the topics consisted of 84 myopic university. Should mention the latest paper with groups comparison â€Å" Ocular Dimensions of Young Malays in Malaysia † ( Bariah Mohd-Ali, and Muhammad Afzam Shah Abdul-Rahim, and Zainora Mohammed, and Norhani Mohidin, ( 2011 ) Ocular dimensions of immature Malayans in Malaysia. Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 9 ( 1 ) . pp. 35-39. ISSN 1675-8161. On the sample size computation, refer to relevant old paper and enter the respective values ( mean, standard divergence etc. ) in this web site: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.stat.ubc.ca/~rollin/stats/ssize/n2.htmlSample of the surveySample of the survey comprised of groups of emmetropic and myopic immature topics.Subject ‘s inclusion standardsAge between 20 to 26 old ages old. VA at distance 6/6 or better. VA at near N5 at 33 centimeter or better. Refractive power between +0.50 DS to -0.50 DS and a†°? – 2.00 Darmstadtium Non-contact lens wearer. Soft contact lens wearer less than 5 old ages are permitted provided lenses were non worn on the twenty-four hours of proving Good optic wellness tested with slit lamp and fundus scrutiny. Good general wellness taken from self-report.Subject ‘s exclusion standardsRigid contact lens wearer History of corneal abnormalcy, refractile surgery or orthokeratology intervention.3.4 Study tools and processWithin survey sites, clinical scrutinies are by and large performed at one location ( IIUM Optometry clinic ) . Before clinical eyes scrutiny is performed on the participant, they will be asked for a complete personal and household general wellness and oculus wellness history. Later, participants underwent an extended and standardised scrutiny process, which included ocular sharp-sightedness ( VA ) testing, refraction and a elaborate optic slit lamp and fundus scrutiny The ocular Acuity ( VA ) will be measured utilizing a Snellen chart at 6m. Measurement of refractile position will be conducted utilizing subjective refraction with cross cylinder. Subjects were categorized into emmetropia, hypermetropia and nearsightedness utilizing the spherical tantamount refraction. Classification was done based on: Emmetropia a†°Ã‚ ¤A ± 0.50DS and Myopia a†°? 2.00DS. Following, measuring of corneal curvature will be taken utilizing Pentacam ( Oculus, Inc. , Germany ) . Average corneal curvature ( AVK ) was obtained by the norm of the horizontal and perpendicular corneal curvature. Finally, the external oculus and anterior section ( eyelid, conjunctiva, cornea, flag, and student ) will be examined with slit lamp, and followed by scrutiny of media and fundus utilizing indirect opthmoscopy and fundus camera.3.5 Data analysisThe natural informations are keyed in and organized utilizing statistical package SPSS ( Statistical Package for Social Science ) v ersion 17.0. The information will be analyzed utilizing the same package. Statistical analyses being employed are: Normality trial on each information set utilizing Histogram. important degree: 0.05 for 95 % CI Descriptive analysis ( average, standard divergence, average and frequence ) . One-way analysis of discrepancy ( ANOVA ) will be used to compare the average corneal radius of curvature across the refractile position groups The relationships among parametric quantities will be tested utilizing Pearson ‘s correlativity and additive arrested development analysis.3.6 Ethical considerationEthical blessing will be acquired from the ethical commission of Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia ( IIUM ) . Engagement in this survey is on a voluntary footing and participants will be asked to subscribe the consent signifier if they agree to take part in this survey. A written consent will be acquired prior to informations aggregation ( Appendix B ) . In this consent signifier, campaigners will be informed that they will move as ‘subject ‘ in this survey. Participants will be given account on the processs involved in this survey before informations aggregation is performed.The process is considered safe because it is non-invasive. Furthermore, the participants ‘ informations is confidential to public. Any inquiry from the topic will be answered consequently. Participants may besides retreat from this survey at any clip.

Agency Employment

Agency employment is where a person is employed as a contract or temporary worker to fill a position in a host company. The agency is the worker’s actual employer and is responsible for payroll and taxes, superannuation, recruitment/dismissal/discipline, workers’ compensation. The host company is responsible for direction of tasks or jobs to be undertaken and determining the work available for the temporary worker on site. Normally there is a joint responsibility in so far as occupational health and safety is concerned. The labour hire situation results in a division of responsibility for the agency employee between the agency and the client. How should common law accommodate this? Should the agency employee be regarded as having a single employer or is there scope to consider join employment or a temporary transfer of employment to the client? The rule at common law is that an employee cannot be transferred by his or her employer to the employment of another person without some act of assent, express or implied, on the employee’s part. The essence of a contract of employment is that it is freely entered into bargain between two parties in which there is the obligation of personal service to the employer. The common law principle that an employee cannot be transferred to a new employer without his or her consent is relevant to the question whether an employee could be transferred temporarily to another employer. Where the agency worker is injured at the client’s workplace, both the client and the agency may be liable to pay damages to the injured worker. The agency can still be liable under both occupational health and safety legislation and at common law. This may be the case even if the agency employee is working on a client’s premises where there may be diminished opportunities to ensure a safe system of work. An additional basis upon which the labour hire company employer can be liable is breach of a non-delegable duty of care. The effect of this principle is that a labour hire company employer remains liable for a negligent failure to provide a safe system of work even if it is the client’s (or some third party’s) negligence which causes the employee’s injuries. Where the injury occurs at the client’s worksite, the client may also be liable as an occupier of premises for failure to take reasonable care for the safety of a lawful entrant. The agency employee may cause injury or damage either to the client or to a third party whilst working for a client. Whilst an employer is vicariously liable for the tortious wrongdoing of an employee within the course of employment, there are additional complications for agency employees and host businesses.

Philosophy- Rationalism and Empiricism Essay

Immanuel Kant found the way to put subjective and objective perspectives together as part of the human transcendental structure. The idea of subjective truth comes from Rene Descartes and his vision on rationalism based on innate ideas that allow people to appreciate what they see in order to reach a conclusion. Secondly, we have John Locke’s idea of objective truth based on a blank state of mind and a phenomenon that allows people to appreciate their reality by relying on experiences with any object, human, place or something else. Descartes and Locke rejected the possibility of bringing these two elements together for a better understanding. Since both focused on what people see through their eyes and their mind process, without considering the importance of the physical nature, Kant argued that they both should work together in order to understand the physical nature of different things. Kant focused on the conscious mental state which explains the importance of both of these elements together. Thomas Nagel highlighted Kant’s perspective and argued that subjective phenomenon’s are linked to single points of view that the objective theory will never be able to abandon. If a person separates them from each other there will be no idea of how something could be true. Since we live in a society with different perspectives, truth is what everyone looks for in order to draw their own conclusions. Nagel argued that having personal experience is enough to have the necessary material for imagination. For example, Nagel offered a metaphor about a bat, in which he suggest the use of imagination to ask ourselves what would be like for us to behave as the bat behaves. It’s clear that Nagel relies on Aristotle’s vision of reality because his realism on subjectivity creates a belief in the existence of facts over the concepts that we create as humans. Although there are facts that people will never comprehend, there is a possibility that through a combination of both people can find the truth of things that they can’t understand. According to Nagel, there is no difference between mental and physical events because there are experiences in which people process things to reach a conclusion. People have the ability to perceive and behave and they both come along together. On the other side, Donald Davidson argued that mental events have physical causes and that we have reason to believe this even though people don’t know if there is a general psychophysical theory. But, what about non-intentional events? Nagel argued that his argument only applies to intentional mental events without considering that as humans have reasons to believe that sensations are physical processes as well. Physical processes don’t have the necessity to look for answers of how something happened. Finally, Kant’s theory argues that our experiences are significant since they can’t be the same because people’s different states of mind, but as human beings it’s important to be subjective to appreciate different phenomenon’s around them. Kant’s made these two perspectives dependent from each other, without leaving any gap in which they both could separate by any chance.

Private Fitness, Inc.

BBUS 425 Advanced Management Accounting| Case 1: Private Fitness, Inc. | Analysis of existing management and operation issues| Yunlong TangYen Hao ChaoInstructor: Tony BellSep 16, 2012| MEMORANDUM DATE: Sep 16, 2012 TO: Rosemary Worth, the owner of Private Fitness, Inc. FROM: Yen Hao Chao and Yunlong Tang ————————————————- RE: Analysis of existing management and operation issues It’s a pleasure that we have a chance to review your company’s existing management and operation system.We believe that there are some serious management and operation problems which need to be changed or improved immediately. In this memorandum, we will identify those issues in management and operation system, and provide recommended solutions for solving problems. Issues in management and operation system 1. The biggest issue is that the company has less control on tracking all recor ds, such as the number of clients, the length of any private fitness class, and the money transactions between customers and the company.Without this information, the company may not collect cash properly and prevent crimes from happening in the operation, such as money stealing 2. Some of the jobs from management level have not been well performed in the normal business operation, since all power and jobs have been centralized onto one person. 3. Employees might provide some private fitness classes to the client without reporting to the company. This is a very serious problem, since employment honesty is a huge benefit to the health of your business.Solution We will provide you the suggestions based on two types of control which are action control and personal control. In action control, we recommend you to install a control system for tracking classroom usage and hire another financial manager to take over any financial jobs, operation cost and profit recording from Kate. In perso nnel control, we recommend you to regulate some new policies such as no personal discount and any class appointment must be reported to the new finance manager.Classroom usage control system Classroom usage control system is a system to help you to track the length of using the classroom in order to verify how much money is collected based on the time of classroom usage. Under this system, every client or employee must apply a card to use the classroom. They need to swipe on the machine in order to get in or out of the exercise room. After they swipe the machine, the computer will automatically record this data and save it to the database.Through this control system, you will have the complete information about how many clients you have, how long they stay in the classroom, and how much money you are supposed to earn each month based on the time of classroom usage. If the collected money does not match the amount of cash received based on the length of classroom usage, the financial manager needs to be responsible and find out the reason for the missing money as well as report the incident to you immediately. Although this control system will solve the problems and generate huge profits in the long run, but it still has some disadvantages such as cost and maintenance.Additionally, you have to provide significant training for employees and customers to know how to use this system. Management system Your management system has failed to meet the goal of its function which is supposed to include monitoring and controlling the finance of your company. First, we know that your manager, Kate Hoffman, has been in charge of almost all jobs at the management level. Putting too much power in the hands of one manager may create risks to the management system.Second, since Kate has both jobs as an instructor and a manager in the company, she may not have enough time to keep track of every single transaction and all expenses accurately. As a result, we believe that hiring a professional person with finance education and management experience as a financial manager is necessary. The new manager will be in charge of record monitoring, appointment scheduling and financing, and Kate will become the marketing manager including the duty of facility up-keep and keep her position as one of the instructor in the company.Kate and the new manager will now each receive 50% of the salary which Kate used to receive, but Kate can still have the bonus as usual. All business transaction, such as money collecting and equipment purchasing, will be reported to the new manager. Although most clients have direct contact with some of your company’s employees, any appointment of taking classes must also be reported to the new manager with details on the date of the appointment and the length of the class.As well, the new manager has to directly report all information to you periodically, like once a month. Hiring a new manager will lead to a flatter business structure so that every manager has more specific functions on controlling the system and more accuracy on performance. Furthermore, viewing the report of all periodic expenses and profit from the finance manager will provide a forecast on the company’s future financial situation and become more helpful to improve the efficiency of the operation and the decision making from the management level.However, this new move may create unexpected expenses on paying salary to the new manager, and also, the new manager will need time to become familiar with his/her new co-workers and the new working environments. Policies Since many of the students have straight contact with the instructors, they may deal with the instructors under the table, such as asking for the personal discount privately. Some of the instructors may also provide private classes to students with using company’s facility in the normal business schedule without reporting.To prevent those risks, you must create related policies as follow: * No personal discount provided to customers from any of our employees unless the discount is permitted by the company * No private fitness classes are provided to the customers at any of the time unless the classes have been reported * Any violation of the two policies will receive penalty or warning depending on the situation.We believe the new policies will restrict the authority of using the facility and limit the contact with customers from the employees. The employees will behave more professionally and become more honest to the company. The chance of creating unreported transaction will be minimized, and the record of using any facility in the company will be more accurate. However, the employees may feel uncomfortable with the new policies, but they will get used to the new policies. RecommendationWe recommend that the company should set up a system for tracking the usage of classrooms, hire a new financial manager to take over partial duty of management from Kate and regulate some new policies. New system and new manager will provide significant control on tracking the process of collecting money and organizing business operation. On the other hand, in order to enhance the honesty of employees, implementing new policies inside the company is necessary and beneficial to provide a healthier working environment.